Xaaladaha hubinaya digriiga tayada sare leh ee kaydinta.Tignoolajiyada wax-soo-saarka baradhada waxa lagu matali karaa qaab laba baloog ah: goob shaqo oo bannaan iyo bakhaar kaydinta. Marka la eego, helitaanka wax-soo-saar sare waa kala bar dagaalka; sidoo kale waa muhiim in la ilaaliyo. Tani waxay si gaar ah run ugu tahay baradhada shinnida, kuwaas oo lagu kaydiyo wakhti dheer marka loo eego baradhada cuntada. Kuwa ugu adag oo mas'uul ka ah waa kaydinta guga, maadaama ay lagama maarmaan tahay in la ilaaliyo tayada beeritaanka sare ee digriiga, ka hortagga biqilka hore.
Khasaaraha inta lagu jiro kaydinta waxay ka kooban tahay khasaaraha dabiiciga ah, qashinka farsamada (digriiga qayb ahaan saameeya qudhunka, inta badan qalalan), qudhunka buuxa (digriiga si buuxda u qudhuntay - qudhun qoyan) iyo sprouts. Siyaabo badan, tilmaamayaashani waxay ku xiran yihiin tayada bilowga ah ee digriiga, taas oo sidoo kale go'aamisa tayada beerto ee baradhada. Baradhada abuurku waa inay buuxisaa shuruudaha GOST 33996-2016, sida ku cad walxaha abuur:
- Joogitaanka digriiga leh calaamadaha neefta, barafaysan, oo leh gubasho, fool xun, oo leh korriin iyo si fudud u jebiya korriinka, la gooyey, la jajabiyey, maqaarka diiray (in ka badan 1/4 ee dusha tuber) lama oggola;
- joogitaanka dhulka iyo wasakhda shisheeye waa la ogol yahay, wax ka badan 2% miisaanka qaybaha OS, ES, RS1-2;
- joogitaanka digriiga waa la ogol yahay, boqolkiiba:
- aan buuxin shuruudaha cabbirka - aan ka badnayn 3%;
Noocyada kale ee dhirta - wax aan ka badnayn 0,5% (kaliya qaybta PC);
- uu saameeyay qudhunka giraanta - wax aan ka badnayn 0,5% (kaliya qaybta PC);
- saameeya nematode stem - wax aan ka badnayn 0,5% (kaliya qaybta PC);
- oo leh bareeg qanjidhada iyo madoobaynta saxarka (haddii in ka badan 1/4 ee qaybta dheer ee tuberka ay saamayso) - wax aan ka badnayn 5% (guud ahaan);
- oo leh waxyeello farsamo oo ka badan 5 mm qoto dheer iyo in ka badan 10 mm dheer (goyn, jeexjeex, dildilaaca, jeexjeexyada unugyada tuber) - wax aan ka badnayn 5% (guud ahaan);
- waxyeelo ay u geystaan cayayaanka beeraha oo aan waxyeello u geysan indhaha (wireworms - in ka badan saddex dhaqdhaqaaq, jiirarka, kuwa lamid ah iyo gooyaan) - wax aan ka badnayn 2% guud ahaan.
Tayada abuurka abuurku waxay inta badan ku xidhan tahay tignoolajiyada beerashada, habaynta goosashada kadib iyo kaydinta digriiga. Marka ugu horeysa, inta lagu jiro xilliga sii kordhaya (sida waafaqsan xaaladaha cimilada, waqtiga iyo tirada loo baahan yahay), dhirta waa in lagu daaweeyaa taabasho, nidaamyo iyo diyaarinta translaminar oo ka dhan ah boogaha dambe, alternaria, anthracnose iyo cudurrada kale ee fangas iyo bakteeriyada. Si loo yareeyo walbahaarka sunta cayayaanka, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in lagu daro nidaamiyeyaasha koritaanka dhirta ee nidaamka ilaalinta. Marka labaad, si looga fogaado cabudhinta ciidda weyn ee digriiga, nidaamka diyaarinta ciidda pre-beero iyo beeralayda inter-safka waa in la hubiyo xaaladda dabacsan ee ciidda ee tiirarka iyo inta u dhaxaysa saf ilaa goosashada. Tiro gobollo ah, beeritaanka dhexroorka 90 cm ayaa si fiican isu caddeeyey.Saddexaad, goosashada ka hor waa in dusha sare laga saaro kiimiko (Reglon Super 2,5 l/ha, Sukhovey 2,5 l/ha, Basta 2,0 l/ ha), habab farsamo ama isku dhafan, taas oo ku xidhan shuruudaha iyo horumarinta dushooda, ugu yaraan 10-12 maalmood ka hor inta aan la qodin digriiga. Marka afraad, nadiifinta waa in lagu sameeyaa heerkulka hawada ugu yaraan +10 0C, haddii kale boqolkiiba digriiga si farsamaysan u waxyeeloobay oo ay saamaysay qudhunka Fusarium aad bay u korodhaa.
Xulashada qalabka nadiifinta. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, baradhada waxaa la goostaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo isku-darka ama qodista iyo qaadista digriiga gacanta. Doorashada labaad waxay la xiriirtaa kharashaadka shaqada gacanta ee muhiimka ah iyo baahida weyn ee bacaha ama shabaqyada baakadaha baradhada. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, marka la barbar dhigo isticmaalka isku-darka, isticmaalka qodayaasha waxay bixisaa heer aad u hooseeya oo waxyeello farsamo si digriiga. Marka la eego xoogga sare ee shaqada, goosashada leh qodaya waa in loo adeegsadaa inta badan nidaamka wax soo saarka abuurka aasaasiga ah (kiiskan, baradhada ayaa la koray, sida caadiga ah, meelaha yaryar). Marka laga reebo, isticmaalka tignoolajiyada waxaa loo oggol yahay xaalado aad u daran, marka isku-dariyeyaasha aan shaqeyn karin sababtoo ah ciidda aan fiicnayn iyo xaaladaha cimilada.
Goynta dusha sare ee isku dhafka ah isla mar ahaantaana la qodayo digriiga (burburaha sare waxaa lagu rakibay qaybta la siinayo ee isku darka) waa wax aan la aqbali karin inta badan aagagga Ruushka, maadaama ujeedada ugu weyn ee burburinteeda ay luntay: muddada bislaanshaha iyo adkeynta diirka ayaa laga saaray; ma jirto wax dhimis ah ixtimaalka iyo heerka dhaawaca digriiga ee cudurka goor dambe. Isticmaalka habkan ayaa suurtagal ah kaliya marka la goosanayo baradhada hore ee isla markiiba iibka ah.
Marka la isbarbar dhigo qalabka farsamada ee iskood isku shaqeya iyo kuwa daba socda (goosatada, qodayaasha, raridayaasha), doorbidida wax-soo-saarka baradhada ballaaran waa in la siiyaa unugyo iskood isku shaqeya. Inkasta oo kharashkoodu sarreeyo, guud ahaan way ka sarreeyaan marka la eego tilmaamayaasha hawlgalka iyo dhaqaalaha.
Farsamooyinka kaydinta baradhada ee kaydinta. Goynta waxaa ku xiga heerka tignoolajiyada ee kaydinta baradhada si loo kaydiyo. Waxaa jira saddex tiknoolijiyada jiifka - socodka, wareejinta iyo qulqulka tooska ah, mid kasta oo ka mid ah ayaa go'aaminaya heerka u dhigma dhaawaca farsamada ee digriiga (Shaxda 1).
Shaxda 1. Waxyeelada makaanikada ee digriiga waxay kuxirantahay tignoolajiyada kaydinta,%
Noocyada waxyeelada | Engineering | ||
in-line | wareejin | socodka tooska ah | |
Diir ilaa ½ oogada tuberka | 16,5 | 6,9 | 5,5 |
Diir in ka badan ½ oogada tuberka | 22,6 | 5,7 | 4,6 |
Dildilaaca, jeexjeexyada iyo jarjarida saxarka digriiga | 9,3 | 6,8 | 2,9 |
Madoobaynta saxarka oo leh cabbir iyo qoto dheer oo ka badan 5 mm oo saameynaya | 18,0 | 11,9 | 7,2 |
DHAMMAAN DHAMMAAN | 66,4 | 31,3 | 20,2 |
Wadarta khasaaraha 8 bilood ee kaydinta, % | 32,2 | 18,7 | 8,3 |
Qashinka nadiifinta tuberka, % | 26,0-28,0 | 20,0-22,0 | 13,0-15,0 |
Streaming - Baradhada oo la goosto isku-darka ama qodista ayaa loo diraa goobta kala-soocidda si wasakhda loo kala saaro oo loo kala saaro jajab, oo ay ku xigto kaydinta. Marka la barbardhigo tignoolajiyada kale, tani waxay sababtaa qadarka ugu badan ee dhaawaca farsamada ee digriiga. Sidaa darteed, waa in la isticmaalo oo kaliya marka la eego iibka dayrta ee baradhada ama marka baradhada la goosto marka la isku daro ay ka timaado beerta oo leh isku dar ah ciidda in ka badan 25-30% iyo haraaga dhirta. Sidoo kale, isticmaalka tignoolajiyadan waa la oggol yahay haddii aan ka hadlayno goosashada digriiga si buuxda u bislaaday, oo leh maqaar ka xoog badan oo aan saameyn ku yeelan cudurrada.
Kala wareejinta - Ka hor inta aan la kaydin ama la kala saarin meel, digriiga waxaa lagu hayaa meel tuulan oo ku meel gaar ah. Doorashada ay guushu ku of technology this waa in la sameeyaa haddii ay dhacdo dhaawac weyn oo digriiga by neefta, goor dambe, qudhunka qoyan, ama xaalad goosashada waxaa lagu fuliyaa qabow iyo roobaadka cimilada, gaar ahaan la isku daraa on carradu culus.
Socodka tooska ah - Baradhada ka soo baxa beerta ayaa isla markiiba la kaydiyaa iyada oo aan la kala saarin xilliga dayrta. Iyada oo ku xidhan xaaladaha, nadiifinta waxaa lagu fulin karaa laba xaaladood. Haddii isku-darka ciidda ee tuubada uusan ka badnayn 10-15%, iyo nuxurka digriiga yaryar ilaa 30 mm ee cabbirka wadarta guud ee dalagga waa mid aan muhiim ahayn, waxaa la goostay iyadoo loo eegayo habka ugu fudud ee "isku-darka-kaydinta" , i.e. Baradhadu marka la isku daro waxaa la geeyaa kaydinta waxaana lagu dejiyaa hopper-loader nooca TZK-30/60, kaas oo dhigaya digriiga meel taallo. Haddii isku-darka ciidda uu ka badan yahay 20% iyo boqolkiiba digriiga yaryar ay sarreeyaan, markaa baradhada ka imanaya isku-darka waxaa lagu dejiyaa hopper helista casriga ah (tusaale, ay soo saartay GRIMME), oo lagu rakibay albaabka hore ee kaydinta. Daboolka waxaa lagu qalabeeyaa qalab nadiifin ah, kaas oo kala saaraya ciidda iyo digriiga yaryar, qaybta ugu muhiimsan ee baradhada waxaa lagu quudiyaa habka wax-qaadayaasha (conveyers) ee xarunta kaydinta, halkaas oo uu ku yaal tuubada. Gaadhi-qaadayaasha, digriiga aan caadiga ahayn, burooyinka, dhagxaanta iyo wasakhda kale ayaa gacanta lagu doortaa. Baradhada abuurka ee lagu beeray tignoolajiyadan ayaa la kaydiyaa ilaa guga, jajabkuna waa la hagaajiyaa inta lagu jiro diyaarinta beeritaanka ka hor; isla mar ahaantaana, digriiga waxaa lagu daaweeyaa xal Maxim, Prestige, Aktara, iwm. furid.
Laga soo bilaabo xogta shaxda 1 waxay soo socotaa in maqnaanshaha iibka dayrta, baradhada beerta waa in lagu kaydiyaa iyadoo la adeegsanayo tignoolajiyada tooska ah, iyo xaaladaha ba'an - iyadoo la adeegsanayo tignoolajiyada wareejinta. Iyada oo tignoolajiyada-line-ka, marka lagu daro heerka sare ee guud ee dhaawaca farsamada ee digriiga, boqolkiiba madoobaanta saxarka ee saamaynta ayaa si aad ah u kordheysa, taas oo horseedaysa qashin korodha marka la nadiifiyo digriiga - laba jeer oo sarreeya sababtoo ah hoos u dhaca guud ee tayada baradhada marka la barbar dhigo farsamada tooska ah.
Nooca xarumaha kaydinta baradhada. Goobaha lagu kaydiyo nooca bin ee leh marin dhexe ama qaybo go'doonsan ayaa ku habboon kaydinta baradhada shinnida. (sawirka 1).
Baradhada alaabada, tas-hiilaadka kaydinta naqshad fudud (badanaa nooca bulk) ayaa loo isticmaalaa, kuwaas oo leh heerka isticmaalka sare ee dhismaha. Baradhada shinnida, gaar ahaan wax soo saarka abuurka aasaasiga ah, ayaa sidoo kale lagu kaydiyaa weelasha (Jaantuska 2).
Jaantuska 2. Tignoolajiyada weelka lagu kaydiyo baradhada:
a) armaajooyinka cadaadiska hawada ee siiya hawada iyada oo la marinayo saldhigyada toosan ee ka sarreeya weelasha; b) weelasha ku urursan shan heer
Tani waa hab aad qaali u ah, laakiin waxay bixisaa dhaqdhaqaaqa sare ee shaqada inta lagu jiro diyaarinta badeecada iyo kala-soocidda noocyada kala duwan iyo taranka.
Tignoolajiyada kaydinta muddada-dheer algorithm. Tiknoolajiyada kaydinta, taas oo hubinaysa ugu yaraan khasaaraha haddii si adag loo raaco, waxaa ku jira shan xilli oo waaweyn: taxane ah qalajin digriiga habka rarista baradhada ee kaydinta ay sabab u tahay hawo joogto ah hawada ka baxsan oo ah heerka 100-200 m3/t saacadiiba; muddada daaweynta - 20-25 maalmood heerkulka 18-20 0Hawo-wareejin leh hawo gudaha ah iyadoo la adeegsanayo habka dib-u-wareejinta 30-40 daqiiqo maalintii; xilliga qaboojinta oo leh xoojinta 0,5 0C maalintii; muddada ugu muhiimsan heerkulka kaydinta 4-5 0Iyada oo hawo xilliyeedka ah 40-50 daqiiqo laba ilaa saddex jeer toddobaadkii iyo xilliga gu'ga - mas'uuliyadda ugu badan oo adag, maadaama ay lagama maarmaan tahay in laga hortago biqilka digriiga, gaar ahaan marka timirta la beero ama la beero lafteeda ayaa dib loo dhigayaa sababo cimilada awgeed. Hawshu waa in laga reebo gelitaanka hawo diirran oo bannaanka ah oo kaydinta iyo ilaalinta heerkulka kaydinta heer la cayimay iyada oo loo marayo hawo gaaban oo gaaban wakhtiga ugu qabow ee maalinta, tusaale ahaan, saacadaha hore ee subaxda.
Qoyaanka hawada ee qaraabada ah ee kaydinta inta lagu jiro kaydinta baradhada, marka laga reebo xilliga qalajinta, waa inay ahaataa heerka 90-95%.
Isticmaalka kiimikooyinka iyo kicinta koritaanka. Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, dibadda iyo Ruushka, tignoolajiyada kaydinta baradhada abuurka, marka lagu daro isticmaalka daawooyinka ilaalinta iyo kicinta (Maxim 0,2 l / t, iwm.), ayaa sii kordheysa oo ay ku jiraan farsamadan sida carbonation leh ethylene phytohormone. Marka loo eego natiijooyinka daraasadaha lagu sameeyay Machadka Miisaaniyadda Dawladda Federaalka ee VNIIKH ee 2015-2017, kaydinta baradhada abuurka ee deegaanka ee phytohormone ethylene laga bilaabo Noofambar ilaa Maajo heerkul ah 4 0C waxay gacan ka geysatey kororka tirada indhaha ee jeexan (badanaa ay sabab u tahay kuwa lateral marka laga reebo xukunka apical), horaantii (3-5 maalmood) iyo soo bixitaanka isku midka ah ee geedo, sameynta tiro badan oo ah afkoda baadiyaha 19,9-36,0% iyadoo ku xiran noocyada kala duwan), kororka dhererka dhirta 2-3 cm, kororka tirada digriiga baadiyaha (6,3-19,0%) oo leh bilawga hore ee tuberization, korodhka dhalidda (wadarta - 9,9-19,0% , suuqa - by 7,0-23,9%, gaar ahaan marka la isticmaalayo waraabka), formation of qaab-dhismeedka dalagga more lebbisan (Shaxda 2).
Shaxda 2. Tilmaamayaasha biometric iyo dhalidda baradhada iyadoo la adeegsanayo tusaalaha kala duwanaanta Gala badhtamaha hore marka la isticmaalayo ethylene, taas oo ku xidhan xaaladaha soo koraya ee xiga (celceliska 2015-2017)
Aagga koraya | Ikhtiyaarka kaydinta digriiga abuurka iyo isticmaalka waraabka | Tirada afkoda, pcs./bush | Tirada tubers pcs./bush | Wax soo saar, t / ha | |
guud | la iibsan karo (jajab digriiga>50 mm) | ||||
Lyubertsy (carrada ciidda bacaadka ah) | xakamaynta | 5,4 | 17,4 | 23,9 | 19,1 |
oo leh ethylene | 7,2 | 21,2 | 27,3 | 22,2 | |
Ozersky (carruurta loamy) | xakamaynta | 5,8 | 18,3 | 29,4 | 25,3 |
oo leh ethylene | 7,7 | 22,9 | 34,5 | 30,5 | |
xakamaynta (waraabka) | 6,3 | 19,2 | 33,9 | 30,4 | |
oo leh ethylene (waraabka) | 8,6 | 24,0 | 40,3 | 37,0 |
Muddo dhowr sano ah, dawada Vist 10 g/t (thiabendazole walaxda firfircoon) waxay heshay qiimeyn wanaagsan oo ku saabsan saameynta ay ku leedahay ilaalinta tayada baradhada abuurka. Suurtogalnimada Rhizoctonia sclerotia ka dib qiiqa dawadan leh hawo firfircoon ayaa hoos u dhacday 14 jeer. Tijaabooyinka wax soo saarka (gobolka Moscow), khasaaraha tuber ayaa hoos u dhacay noocyada kala duwan ee Amadeus 8,7%, Asterix - 9,4%, Udacha - 17,3%, Nevsky - 25,8%. Wax-soo-saarka baradhada caafimaadka qaba ayaa kordhay 9,4-11,8%. Qiimaha wax soo saarka ayaa hoos u dhacay 1,2 jeer, heerka faa'iidada ayaa ku dhex jirtay 49,6-75,5%.
Stanislav Maltsev, dhakhtarka cilmiga beeraha; Vladimir Zeyruk, Dhakhtarka Sayniska Beeraha;
Sergey Andrianov, arday ka qalin jabiyay; Sofya Shishkova, cilmi-baare yar,
Hay'adda Sayniska ee Miisaaniyadda Dawladda Federaalka "FRC ee Baradhada oo loogu magac daray A.G. Lorcha"