In kasta oo horumar weyn laga sameeyay daraasadda baradhada dabaasha iyo fulinta tallaabooyinka xakamaynta ee ku saleysan aqoonta phytopathogen, cudurku wali wuxuu keenaa dhaawac weyn oo ay ugu wacan tahay khasaaraha dalagga iyo qiimaha daaweynta kiimikaad ee alaabada ilaalinta dhirta.
Cudurkaan waxaa keena oomycete Infakshanka Phytophthora, saameeya caleemaha, caleemaha iyo digriiga.
Tubers gelaya kaydinta xitaa iyada oo qadar yar oo caabuq ah ayaa inta badan keena khasaare weyn oo alaabta. Wakiilka sababa caabuqa goor dambe ayaa sii jiri kara xitaa heerkul ah + 3 ° C. Horumarinta phytopathogen ee dusha sare ee digriiga waxay sahlaysaa dhexgalka bakteeriyada fursada ah ee maqaarka, taasoo keenta qudhun jilicsan.
Calaamadaha caabuqa dambe caleemaha waxay u muuqdaan baro qaabaysan oo aan caadi ahayn, kuwaas oo si tartiib tartiib ah u kordha xajmiga marka uu cudurku soo baxo. Xudduud cagaaran oo khafiif ah ayaa ka samaysma dhinaca sare ee caleemaha oo ku yaal cidhifyada dhibcaha. Cimilada qoyan, sporulation of phytopathogen cad ayaa ka soo baxa dhinaca hoose ee dhibcaha ku teedsan cidhifyada. Dusha sare ee digriiga, cudurku wuxuu u muuqdaa qaab dhibco madow madow. Qulqulka madow ee madow wuxuu ka samaysan yahay gudaha digriiga, oo ku yaal meel u dhow dusha sare, laakiin si tartiib tartiib ah u soo gala bartamaha digriiga. Jidka ugu muhiimsan ee faafinta phytopathogen waa iyada oo loo maro zoosporangia hawada laga qaado oo laga helo beeraha cudurka qaba, 'dhirta baradhada tabarucaha' iyo dhirta lagu koray tuulmo digriiga la tuuray oo beeraha u dhow. Dhirta ka soo baxda digriiga la tuuray, sida kuwa "iskaa wax u qabso", waxay sidoo kale noqon karaan kaydka cudurrada fayrasyada ee ay gudbiyaan aphids; cudurrada kale (rhizoctoniosis, anthracnose, qolof budada ah) iyo cayayaanka (nematodes-nool oo bilaash ah, nematodes cyst baradho, aphids). Intaa waxaa dheer, oospores ayaa ku dhex abuuri kara iyaga, taas oo sii adkeyn karta dagaalka ka dhanka ah nabarrada dambe sababtoo ah khatarta sii kordheysa ee caabbinta oo leh tiro badan oo daaweynta fungicides ah.
Gobollada koonfureed, si looga hortago biqilka baradhada la jarjaray, tuulan waa in si degdeg ah loogu daaweeyaa diquat ama glyphosate (haddii dhirta ay muuqato, daaweynta waa in lagu celiyaa). Habka wax ku oolka ah ee lagula dagaallamayo dhirta noocan oo kale ah waa in lagu daboolo digriiga la tuuray oo leh filim madow. Cidhifyada taallo, filimku waa in si fiican loo ilaaliyaa si zoosporangia ee phytopathogen aanu duulin, xayawaankuna ma dhex geli karaan filimka hoostiisa oo jeexjeexi karaan. Haddii suufka lagu daboolo filim goor hore, daaweynta glyphosate lagama yaabo in loo baahdo. Aad bay muhiim u tahay in digriiga la jarjaray laga fogeeyo beerta baradhada iyo ilaha biyaha ee waraabka.
Inta badan loogu talagalay Infakshanka Phytophthora waa taranka jinsiga ah, kaas oo zoosporangia uu si toos ah u biqli karo sida hyphae ama sii daayo zoospores leh flagella, kaas oo dhex gala geedka iyada oo loo marayo filimka biyaha. Oospores waxay ku noolaan karaan waqti dheer ciidda. Tusaale ahaan, sida laga soo xigtay khubarada Nederlandka (Journal Pathology Plant, 2000), oospores waxay sii haysan karaan awooddooda inay ku faafiyaan baradhada ciidda bacaadka ah 48 bilood, iyo ciidda dhoobada ah 34 bilood marka daadku soo baxo. Waxaa la xusay in tirada ugu badan ee oospores lagu sameeyay noocyo baradho ah oo leh heer hoose oo iska caabin gaar ah oo jinsiyadeed. Sida laga soo xigtay xogta laga soo xigtay xogta Yurub Ciidda ugu fiican (2020), si loo yareeyo caabuqa ciidda Infakshanka Phytophthora Oospores (oospores), nematodes baradho, rhizoctonia iyo cayayaanka kale, waxaa lagu talinayaa in lagu celiyo baradhada beerta shan sano ka dib.
Ilaa dhowaan, istaraatiijiyadda ilaalinta baradhada waxay ku salaysan tahay isticmaalka tiro badan oo daaweyn ah oo leh alaabta ilaalinta dhirta. Laakiin dhawaanahan, qayb ahaan waxaa sabab u ah soo ifbaxa genotypes adkaysi u leh oo cusub Phytophthora infestans (tiro ka mid ah wadamada Yurub, genotype EU_43_A1, adkaysi u leh mandipropamide qiyaasta 100 ppm), ilaalinta baradhada isku dhafan ayaa noqotay mid si ballaaran loo isticmaalo.
Hababka aasaasiga ah ee ka hortagga baradhada isku dhafan ee ka hortagga caabuqa soo daaha:
- Beerista noocyo baradho ah oo leh dhibco iska caabin ah oo sarreeya.
- Burburinta ilaha aasaasiga ah ee caabuqa (dhirta "iskaa-wax-u-qabso", tuulan digriiga la tuuray, digriiga abuurka cudurka iyo dhirta baradhada ee saamaysay).
- Isticmaalka hababka go'aaminta daaweynta fungicides ee ku salaysan khatarta caabuqa daahidda, caabbinta kala duwan iyo xaaladaha cimilada si loo qorsheeyo tirada ugu wanaagsan ee daaweynta ilaalinta dhirta taas oo qayb ka ah istaraatiijiyad ka-hortagga iska caabinta. Barnaamij af Ruush ah ayaa lagu sameeyay iyadoo lagu salaynayo machadka All-Ruush Institute of Phytopathology (VNIIF) VNIIFBlight. FGBNU VNIIF waxay haysataa rukhsad RU 2019663121 (2019) oo loogu talagalay barnaamijka kombuyuutarka "Express saadaasha - daahitaanka blight" si loo helo saadaasha internetka ee horumarinta cudurka daba-galka ah ee Federaalka Ruushka. Waqtigan xaadirka ah gudaha Ruushka waxaa jira nidaam go'aan-qaadasho (DMS) oo loogu talagalay daaweynta fungicides ee ka hortagga caabuqa goor dambe iyo Alternaria "Agrodozor". Wadamo kale oo badan ayaa sidoo kale sameeyay barnaamijyo si ay u qaataan saadaalinta khatarta cudurka daahda. Tusaale ahaan, gudaha Boqortooyada Midowday (UK) waxaa jira goob khadka ah oo loogu talagalay cudurrada daaha Hutton BlightSpy. Madal waxaa ilaaliya James Hutton Limited, xogta saadaasha hawada waxaa bixiyay Machadka Met waxaana daboolay shatiga Caalamiga ah ee Creative Commons Attribution 4.0. Tiro ka mid ah gobollo, kheyraad / madal ayaa la sameeyay iyada oo qayb ka ah shaqada cilmi-baarista ee takhasuska leh ee la socodka qaab dhismeedka dadweynaha iyo heerka iska caabinta alaabta ilaalinta dhirta (tusaale, Yurub - Euroblight, gudaha Shiinaha - ChinaBlight), macluumaadka kaas oo u ogolaanaya xirfadlayaasha in ay dalbadaan xalalka ilaalinta dhirta iyada oo la tixgelinayo qaab dhismeedka dadka pathogene ee gobolka iyo heerka caabbinta fungicides. On madal ka mid ah isbahaysiga Yurub ee takhasuska iyo ururada ee daraasadda baradho dabayaaqadii Euroblight miisaska waxaa lagu ilaaliyaa natiijooyinka tijaabooyinka walxaha firfircoon si loola dagaallamo nabarrada dambe ee qaybaha kala duwan ee dhirta iyo Alternaria.
- Burburinta digriiga ay saameysay nabarka soo daahay ee kaydinta si loo yareeyo khasaaraha tuberka loona yareeyo tirada caabuqa abuurka sanadka soo socda.
Maria Erokhova, cilmi-baare, FGBNU VNIIF
e-mail: maria.erokhova@gmail.com