Laga soo bilaabo majaladda: No. 3 2014
Qaybta: Diirada
Boris Anismov, Agaasime ku xigeenka Dhammaan Machadka Cilmi-baarista ee Ruushka ee Beeraha Baradhada oo loo magacaabay ka dib. A.G. Lorja
Maqaalku wuxuu ka hadlayaa shuruudaha phytosanitary ee cudurada fayrasyada iyo bakteeriyada, kuwaas oo ay tahay in si adag loo xakameeyo gudaha xuduudaha aagagga wax soo saarka abuurka baradhada gaarka ah. Fiiro gaar ah ayaa la bixiyaa si loo yareeyo ilaha suurtagalka ah iyo faleebada caabuqa, isticmaalka habab wax ku ool ah oo loogu talagalay ka hortagga iyo xakamaynta phytopathogens gudaha aagagga gaarka ah ee soo saarista baradhada asalka ah iyo kuwa caanka ah.
Cudurada faafa ee ay keenaan fayrasyada pathogenic iyo bakteeriyada waxay keeni karaan hoos u dhac weyn oo ku yimaada tayada baradhada abuurka. Waxaa jira qaab guud ahaan la aqbali karo - heerka sare ee heerka culeyska caabuqa ee meelaha baradhada abuurka ah lagu beero, way sii badanaysaa suurtagalnimada in caabuqa uu faafo. abuurka iyo ciidda, iyo inta ka sii daran dhibaatada ay keeni karaan cudurradan [1].
Dhaqanka adduunka casriga ah, dhibaatadan waxaa si guul leh loo xalliyaa iyada oo la abuurayo meelo gaar ah oo la ilaaliyo (aag) oo leh xaalado dabiici ah oo wanaagsan, cimilada iyo phytosanitary ee koritaanka caafimaad leh (oo xor ka ah phytopathogens) baradhada abuurka. Abuuritaanka aagaggaas, dhab ahaantii, waxay noqotaa qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah hababka casriga ah ee wax-soo-saarka abuurka baradhada ee bilaashka ah [2,3,4,5].
Si fiican loo yaqaan, tusaale ahaan, waa waayo-aragnimada guusha leh ee abuurista iyo ka shaqaynta aag gaar ah oo lagu beero baradhada abuurka ee tayada ugu sareysa ee Finland, gobolka cimilo ahaan qabow (gobolka Tyrnavä), halkaas oo heerar aad u adag oo loogu talagalay shuruudaha phytosanitary ay ahaayeen laga keenay gudaha dhulkan. Danta weyn ee arrintan la xidhiidha waa waayo-aragnimada Great Britain, halkaas oo aagagga phytosanitary ee ugu wanaagsan ayaa sidoo kale lagu aqoonsaday dhulalka Scotland iyo Waqooyiga Ireland, kuwaas oo loo qoondeeyey xaalad gaar ah oo Midowga Yurub. "Dhulka baradhada abuurka ah ee ugu tayada sarreeya" (Gobolka Baradhada shinnida ee darajada sare) [6,7].
Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, gobollo ka mid ah Xiriirka Ruushka, shaqo firfircoon ayaa sidoo kale laga sameeyay abuuritaanka aagag ku habboon wax soo saarka abuurka baradhada, halkaas oo la sameeyo xakameyn adag oo fayadhowreedka gobolka oo fiiro gaar ah la siinayo si loo yareeyo khatarta suurtagalka ah ee faafitaanka caabuqa. abuurka iyo ciidda [2,3,4].
Dhaqanka casriga ah ee xakamaynta phytosanitary ee gudaha xudduudaha dhulalka abuur-abuurka ee loo qoondeeyay, afar kooxood oo walxaha cudur-sidaha ah ayaa si gaar ah loo xakameynayaa:
- cudurada iyo cayayaanka muhiimka ah ee karantiilkansarka baradhada, qudhunka brown, cyst baradho nematode);
- fayrasyada phytopathogenic waxaa lagu kala qaadaa noocyada aphid ee guurguura (Y- fayraska baradhada (YBK - noocyada kala duwan) A- fayraska baradhada (ABK), fayraska M-baradhada (MBK) iyo fayraska duubka caleenta baradhada (PLV);
- fayrasyada lagu kala qaado nematodes-ka carrada iyo fungiFayraska panicle ee sare ee baradhada ("MOP-TOP") iyo fayraska rattle tubaakada ("RETTL");
- bakteeriyada pathogenic ("lug madow" iyo qudhunka giraanta digriiga).
Cudurada iyo cayayaanka leh muhiimada karantiil ayaa loo arkaa inay si gaar ah khatar u yihiin, sidaa darteed suurtogalnimada inay ku faafsadaan walxaha abuurka iyo iyaga oo dhex mara ciidda meelaha baradhada abuurka laga beero waa in gebi ahaanba laga saaro.
Shuruudaha Phytosanitary ee cudurada fayrasyada iyo bakteeriyada waxaa lagu nidaamiyaa soo bandhigida dulqaadka sharciyeed ee qaab dhismeedka heerarka tayada caalamiga ah iyo kuwa qaran ee hadda jira ee baradhada abuurka [8,9]. Inta badan wadamada dhoofiya baradhada shinni guud ahaan wax dulqaad ah uma laha caabuqyada bakteeriyada (Dickey/Pectobacterium spp., Clavibacter michiganensis). Caabuqa walxaha abuurka leh fayrasyada ay qaadaan noocyada aphid socdaalka si adag ayaa loo xakameynayaa iyadoo lagu saleynayo baaritaanka shaybaarka ee shaybaarada tuberka ee ka yimid faraca tooska ah ee fasallada SE (super elite), E (elite), A iyo B (1-2 dib u soo saarid ka dib kuwa sare) iyadoo la adeegsanayo Shuruudaha jaangooyooyinka si cadaalad ah u adag (Shaxda 1).
Shaxda 1. U dulqaadashada jaangooyooyinka heerka wasakheynta fayraska ee baradhada shinnida ee soo gasha ganacsiga wadamada EU (Tijaabada ELIZA)
StrRany | Dulqaadyada fasallada/jiilka baradhada shinnida, % | |||
SE | E1-3 | A1-2 | B | |
EC* | 4 | 10 | ||
UNCE** | 2-4 (1-2) | 10 (5) | 10 | |
Jarmalka *** | 4 (2) | 4 (2) | 8 (4) | |
Holland | 0,5 | 2 | 6 | 10 |
Finland *** | 0,5-1 | 4-10 | ||
France | 1 | 2 | 5 | |
Belgium | 2 | 3 | 6 | 10 |
Bulgaariya | 0,5 | 0,5-4 | 8 | 10 |
Jamhuuriyadda Czech | 2 | 2-4 | 5-10 | 10 |
* Sida ku cad Awaamiirta EU 2002/56 iyo 93/17
** Dulqaadka loogu talagalay YVK
*** Dulqaadka fayraska YVK+AVK
Heerka khatarta ka iman karta caabuqa fayras ee baradhada waxay inta badan ku xidhan tahay dabeecadaha dabiiciga ah iyo cimilada ee dhulalka. Dhulka ballaaran ee Ruushka, baradhada ayaa si guul leh loogu kori karaa meel kasta, laakiin waxaa suurtagal ah in la soo saaro alaab abuur tartan oo tayo sare leh oo keliya xaaladaha cimilada ugu wanaagsan iyo khatarta ugu yar ee faafitaanka cudurada faafa ee noocyada daran (ba'an) cudurada viral, gaar ahaan laalaabtay iyo mosaic banded (YBK) iyo necrotic ringspot tubers (YВК)NTN) (Jaantuska 1).
Jaantuska. 1 Calaamadaha mosaic daran (ba'an)YBKiyo meesha giraanta ee digriiga baradhada (YBKNTN) [9]
Iyadoo la tixgelinayo noocyada kala duwan ee xaaladaha dabiiciga ah iyo cimilada, iyo sidoo kale arrimaha saameynta ugu xooggan ku leh tayada baradhada abuurka ee meelaha wax-soo-saarkooda ee Xiriirka Ruushka, adduunka oo dhan waxaan kala saari karnaa saddex dhul oo kala duwanaansho weyn leh heerka culeyska caabuqa iyo wadarta guud ee dhaqdhaqaaqa vector ee cayayaanka sida caabuqa .
Gobolada waqooyi iyo waqooyi galbeed guud ahaan waxaa loo arkaa inay yihiin kuwa ugu wanaagsan ee koraya baradhada abuur tayo sare leh. Cimilada qabow inta lagu jiro xilliga koritaanka, iyo sidoo kale asalka hoose ee xididdada cayayaanka, ayaa suurtogal ka dhigaya in la yareeyo faafitaanka fayrasyada ugu waxyeellada badan. Xilliga sii kordhaya ee gobolladani aad buu u gaaban yahay: laga bilaabo dabayaaqadii May ilaa bartamihii Sebtembar (100-110 maalmood). Laakiin dhererka maalinta, dabeecadda loolka woqooyiga, gaar ahaan xilliga koritaanka bilowga ah, waxay abuurtaa xaalado wanaagsan oo koritaanka degdega ah iyo horumarinta dhirta, tuberization la dedejiyey iyo samaynta dalagga. Xaaladahan ayaa gobolladan ka dhigaya kuwo aad ugu habboon in la beero alaab tayo sare leh.
Qaybta dhexe ee Ruushka, oo ay ku jiraan Bartamaha, Central Black Earth, gobolka Volga Dhexe, iyo sidoo kale Ural, Siberiya, iyo Bariga Fog, in kasta oo kala duwanaanshiyaha ballaaran ee cimilada iyo carrada, waxaa guud ahaan lagu gartaa asalka xad dhexdhexaad ah ee load faafa iyo waxaa loo tixgelin karaa dhul aad u wanaagsan marka la eego shuruudaha phytosanitary si loo abaabulo wax soo saarkaaga baradhada abuur si waafaqsan shuruudaha sharciyeynta ee heerarka.
Koonfurta iyo gobolada Koonfur-bari ka yar ku habboon koritaanka alaabta abuur tayo sare leh. Sababtoo ah xilliga koritaanka kulul iyo qalalan iyo, sida caadiga ah, heerka joogtada ah ee culeyska caabuqa iyo wadarta guud ee dhaqdhaqaaqa cayayaanka ee qaada caabuqa (marka laga reebo buuraha iyo aagagga cagaha ee Waqooyiga Caucasus), heerka kororka infekshannada fayraska iyadoo jiil kasta oo ka dambeeya beeruhu aad ayuu uga sarreeyaa meelaha ku yaal loolka woqooyiga. Heerka sare ee koritaanka caabuqa fayrasku wuxuu yareeyaa wax soo saarka wuxuuna si aad ah uga sii daraa tayada abuurka baradhada ka dib xilliga labaad ee sii kordhaya, iyo noocyada u nugul xitaa ka dib marka hore.
Mid ka mid ah mabaadi'da aasaasiga ah ee abuuritaanka aagagga abuur-abuurka gaarka ah waa go'doominta goobta dhulalka iyadoo la ilaalinayo ka saarista lagama maarmaanka ah ee walxaha caafimaadka leh ee ilaha suurtagalka ah ee caabuqa fayras (beeridda baradhada cuntada, beeraha khudradda, aqalada, iwm.) . Sababtan awgeed, gudaha xuduudaha aagagga abuurka gaarka ah ee koraya, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la hubiyo u hoggaansanaanta adag ee heerarka ugu yar ee go'doominta ee qaybaha u dhigma iyo fasallada baradhada abuurka asalka ah iyo kuwa caanka ah. Iyada oo ku saleysan fikradaha casriga ah ee ku saabsan hababka iyo sifooyinka gudbinta iyo faafinta fayrasyada phytopathogenic, iyo sidoo kale socdaalka sideyaashooda baradhada, waxaa lagu talinayaa in la hubiyo fogaan fog oo laga helo ilaha suurtagalka ah ee caabuqa ee walxaha abuur ee marxaladaha aasaasiga ah taranka 500 m, jiilasha beerta ee xiga ee 100 m (Shaxda 2)
Shaxda 2. Heerarka go'doominta ee lagu taliyay in la beero baradhada abuur asalka ah iyo kuwa sare.
category | Класс | Dahaarka |
Wax cayriin | Koraaya digriiga yar-yar ee ka ilaalinaya xididada faafa | Ku samee aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ee xagaaga oo leh daahan polycarbonate, oo daboolaya tunnel-ka laga sameeyay alaabta daboolka fudud |
Baradhada abuur asalka ah | Faafinta goobta (1-2 jiil) | masaafo 500 m u jirta fasalada baradhada iniinaha kale |
Baradhada abuur Elite | Xannaanada heer sare ah iyo heer sare ah | Fogaanta 100 m u jirta dabaqyada hoose ee abuurka iyo beeritaanka ganacsiga |
Caadi ahaan, meelaha xeebaha ah ee hawo wanaagsan leh oo ku yaal meel u dhow badda iyo meelo badan oo biyo ah, beero ku hareeraysan dhirta kaynta ee ilaalinta-baaritaanka, iyo sidoo kale dhul-beereedka ku yaal meelaha buuraleyda ah ayaa ugu habboon xaaladaha deegaanka-samaynta ee gudaha xuduudaha abuurka- aagagga sii kordhaya. Waxaa muhiim ah in dhulka loo qoondeeyay xanaanooyinka beerta uu ahaado mid aad uga fog labada beerood ee baradhada ee shirkadaha warshadaha iyo guryaha guryaha ee dadweynaha. Gudaha xudduudaha aagga abuur-abuurka ee go'doonsan, suurtagalnimada beeritaanka baradho ee iskiis ah waa in laga saaraa, gaar ahaan jardiinooyinka dadka deegaanka iyo guryaha xagaaga.
Marka laga eego aragtida dhabta ah, si loo abuuro jawiga ugu wanaagsan aagga wax-soo-saarka abuurka gaarka ah, gaar ahaan marka ay koraan jiilalka beerta aasaasiga ah, farsamo gebi ahaanba la heli karo oo aad waxtar u leh waa "karantiil yar" iyadoo la adeegsanayo baaritaanka ilaalinta dalagyada dalagga ama cawska. cidhifyada garoonka (Jaantus. 2).
Bariis 2. Qorshaha go'doominta-yar ee beerista jiilalka beerta aasaasiga ah iyadoo la adeegsanayo baadhis ilaalin ah oo lagu beerayo dalagyada badarka ee cidhifyada beerta.
Si loo dammaanad qaado tayada alaabta abuurka ee aagagga wax-soo-saarka abuurka gaarka ah, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in si buuxda loo isticmaalo hababka ugu waxtarka badan ee beeraha ee xaddidaya faafitaanka caabuqa fayras ee xaaladaha gudaha, oo ay ku jiraan:
- u hoggaansanaanta heerarka la dejiyay ee go'doominta saadaasha ee baradhada abuurka asalka ah iyo kuwa caanka ah ee beeritaanka taranka hoose;
- abuurista xaaladaha ugu wanaagsan ee koritaanka degdega ah iyo horumarinta dhirta iyo samaynta tuber la dedejiyey inta lagu jiro xilliga koritaanka;
- fulinta phyto-nadiifinta joogtada ah iyadoo ugu horrayn ee suurtogalka ah diidmada iyo ka saarida dhirta cudurka qaba ee beeritaanka, sida ilaha suurtogalka ah ee caabuqa;
- isticmaalka sunta cayayaanka waxtarka leh, iyo sidoo kale diyaarinta saliidaha macdanta iyo khudradda ka soo horjeeda aphids ee qaada caabuqa fayras;
- samaynta ereyada ugu fiican ee hore ee ka saarista dushooda marka la gaaro suuqgeynta ugu badan ee abuurka digriiga, iyadoo la tixgelinayo natiijooyinka la socodka ilaha caabuqa iyo cayayaanka sida fayrasyada (nooca socdaalka ee aphids) ee xaaladaha beer kasta oo gaar ah;
- jeermis-dillaaca goobaha kaydinta, qalabka, mishiinada, weelasha ka hor inta aan kaydin fara badan abuur.
Meelaha loo qoondeeyey in abuurku ka baxo, walxaha abuur waa in lagu soo saaraa si adag oo waafaqsan shuruudaha tayada ee qaybaha iyo qaybaha baradhada abuurka la soo saaray.
Ilaha agabka wax gelinta ee gudaha xuduudaha meelaha loo qoondeeyay waa in lagu xaddidaa oo keliya kuwa buuxiya shuruudaha tayada caadiga ah. Waa la ogol yahay in la isticmaalo agab ilo dhowr ah, laakiin waa haddii ay buuxiso shuruudaha tayada la aasaasay. Walxaha bilowga ah ee caafimaadka qaba waa in lagu soo saaraa shaybaarada iyo aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo, kuwaas oo ku yaal meel ka baxsan goobta loo qoondeeyay.
Horumarinta dhulka ka dib, kaliya walxaha abuur ee lagu soo saaro xuduudaheeda waa in loo isticmaalo aaggeeda mustaqbalka. Beeritaanka walxaha laga soo saaro meel ka baxsan goobta guud ahaan lama ogola. Marka tan la eego, waxaa si gaar ah muhiim u ah in la hubiyo in si sax ah loo xakameeyo beeraha muwaadiniinta iyo, haddii loo baahdo, abaabulo sahayda baradhada abuurka tayada sare leh ee baahida beeralayda maxalliga ah iyo dadka deggan xagaaga. Ficil ahaan, tani waxay suurtogal u tahay oo keliya iyada oo ku saleysan ka qaybqaadashada ikhtiyaariga ah ee dhinaca dadweynaha deegaanka iyo danaha muwaadiniinta ee ah in si tartiib tartiib ah loogu beddelo walxihii hore ee abuurkooda gudaha mid cusub, kaas oo lagu soo saaro xuduudaha iniinta la kantaroolo. -dhulka koraya.
Mid ka mid ah walxaha muhiimka ah ee nidaamka wax soo saarka tignoolajiyada gaarka ah ee gudaha dhulka la kantaroolo waa hordhaca nidaam kormeer gaar ah, kaas oo la isku darayo sahaminta phytosanitary beereedka caadiga ah iyo baaritaanka shaybaarka ee walxaha abuur iyadoo la adeegsanayo caleen iyo muunado tuber. U hoggaansanaanta adag ee heerarka shaybaadhka caadiga ah iyo hababka fasallada/jiilka baradhada shinnida ee khuseeya waa in la hubiyaa. Sidaa darteed, walxaha bilowga ah ee invitro loogu talagalay micropropagation clonal ee shaybaarada, 100% dhirta waxaa lagu tijaabiyaa falanqaynta ELISA iyo PCR. Marka la beerayo digriiga yaryar ee aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo, ugu yaraan 250 geed oo nooc kasta ah ayaa ELISA tijaabisay. Jiilka ugu horreeya ee digriiga yaryar, 200 oo dhir goob kasta oo nooc kasta ah ayaa lagu tijaabiyaa ELISA (ama 200 digriiga muunad tuber ka dib). Muunad goosashada ka dib oo laga helay dalagga sare-super, 200 digriiga dufcad kasta waxaa tijaabisay ELISA. On baradhada sare-elite iyo kuwa caanka ah, marka lagu daro kormeerka muuqaalka dhirta, inta lagu jiro sahaminta goobta, dhirta leh astaamo aan caddayn oo ku filan calaamadaha cudurka ayaa lagu hubiyaa iyadoo la adeegsanayo hababka difaaca jirka.
Soo bandhigida nidaamka kormeerka ee isku daraya kormeerka phytosanitary ee beeraha iyo xakamaynta shaybaarka qasabka ah ee qaybaha ugu sarreeya ee baradhada abuurka gudaha xuduudaha aagagga abuur-abuurka gaarka ah waa inay noqotaa qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah xeerarka tignoolajiyada ee soo saarista baradhada abuurka asalka ah iyo kuwa sare.
Xallinta dhibaatada abuurista aagag gaar ah oo loogu talagalay soosaarka abuurka baradhada, shahaado siinta dhulka beeraha iyadoo la samaynayo sahan lagu ogaanayo cayayaanka, cudurada iyo haramaha iyadoo la bixinayo baasaboorka phytosanitary ee beeruhu waxay noqon kartaa mid muhiim ah. Joogitaanka baasaboorka phytosanitary ee beeraha waa mid ka mid ah shuruudaha shahaado iskaa wax u qabso ee shakhsiyaadka iyo hay'adaha sharciga ah ee ku hawlan wax soo saarka (beerashada), diyaarinta (diyaarinta), baakadaha iyo iibinta abuurka ee qaybaha ugu sarreeya.
Buugaag
1. Anisimov B.V. Fayrasyada Phytopathogenic iyo xakamayntooda wax-soo-saarka abuurka baradhada (hage wax ku ool ah) - M.: Machadka Sayniska ee Dawladda Federaalka "Rosinformagrotekh", 2004. - 80 p.
2. Anisimov B.V. Aagagga Phytosanitary iyo doorka ay ku leeyihiin soo saarista abuurka baradhada ee aan fayraska lahayn // Ilaalinta dhirta iyo karantiilka. 2014, No. 11, b. 14-19.
3. Anisimov B.V. Soo saarista iniinta baradhada ee joogga // Baradhada iyo khudaarta. 2014.No.8. b.29
4. Anisimov B.V. Aagagga gaarka ah ee wax soo saarka abuurka baradhada // Baradhada iyo khudaarta. 2015. No. 4. Bogga 34-37.
5. Aqoonsiga meelaha ka caagan cayayaanka iyo meelaha cayayaanku ku yar yahay. Rome, FAO = ISPM 22:2005. Habka gelitaanka: https://www.ippc.int/core-activiities/standards-setting/ispms.
6. Baradhada shinnida (Scotland) Waxka bedelka Xeerarka 2000 no. 201.= (taariikhda la dhaqan galiyay 01.04.2006). Habka gelitaanka: https://www.legislation.gov.uk - Luuqadda: Ingiriisi, Ruush.
7. Xeerarka wax ka beddelka baradhada shinnida (Scotland) 2010 no. 71.= (taariikhda dhaqan gelaysa: 1.07.2010) Habka gelitaanka: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/-
8. UNECE Heerka S-1, Ku saabsan suuqgeynta iyo xakamaynta tayada ganacsiga ee baradhada shinnida. Qaramada Midoobay, New York iyo Geneva. 20B.- 41 p.
9. Hagaha UNECE ee Cudurada Baradhada Abuurka. Cayayaanka iyo cilladaha. Qaramada Midoobay. Guddiga Dhaqaalaha Yurub, Qaybta Gaarka ah ee Habaynta Baradhada Abuurka .Geneva, 2014. -108p.