Sergey Banadysev, Dhakhtarka Sayniska Beeraha, Madaxa barnaamijka xulashada ee SSC "Doka - Teknolojiyada hidaha"
Suurtagalnimada iyo hufnaanta abuuridda digriiga abuurka inta lagu gudajiro xilligan si weyn ayey u kordhayaan. Haddii hore howsha ugu weyn ee jiidashada ay ahayd in la xakameeyo rhizoctonia, wiwerorm iyo Colorado baradho duqsiyo geedo ah, hadda xirfadleyda ayaa heysta arsenal qalab ah oo lagu xakameeyo cudurada dilaaga ah ee ugu badan, caabuqa carrada ee goor-dambe, aashitada iyo pitium, aphids inta lagu gudajiro xilliga dhirtu ugu horeyso, stem nematode, iyo hagaajinta ciidda microbiota. Marka lagu daro bacriminta ugu weyn, waxaa lagu talinayaa in la soo bandhigo cunsurrada raadraaca iyo kicinta kale ee koritaanka ee nidaamka xididka iyo dhir inta lagu gudajiro abuurista iyo weelka.
Xiriirka Ruushka, waxaa si rasmi ah loogu oggol yahay in la isticmaalo 18 maaddooyinka firfircoon ee sunta lagu buufiyo, 10 maaddooyinka firfircoon ee cayayaanka iyo 15 diyaargarowga microbial ee leh waxqabadka fungicidal ee daaweynta abuurka. Maaddooyinka firfircoon (d.v.-va) waxay wax ku ool u yihiin cudurrada baradhada: azoxystrobin, mefenoxam, fludioxonil, cyproconazole, benzoic acid, benomyl, pencicuron, thiabendazole, penflufen, prothioconazole, difenoconazole, thiram, imazalil, flulaxdax. 30 daroogada ganacsiga ah, badankood waa analogues of Prestige (imidacloprid + pencycuron, Bayer) - 8 iyo Maxima (fludioxonil, Syngenta) - 5. Waxaa jira dhowr alaabood oo leh laba dvs. fungicides: azoxystrobin + mefenoxam (Uniform, Syngenta), penflufen + prothioconazole (Emesto Silver, Bayer), oo ay weheliso sunta cayayaanka - acetamiprid + fludioxonil + cyproconazole (King Combi, Agro Expert Group + dientafiodeloxamethoxamol) ), iprodione + imidacloprid + difenoconazole (Idicum, Ogast). Waxyaabaha ugu qanisan ee ku jira Sanduuqa Sunta loo yaqaan (Shchelkovo-Agrokhim) waa fludioxonil + imazalil + metalaxil. Daawooyinka kale oo dhami waxay ka kooban yihiin hal qaybood ama lagu daro sunta dila. Azoxystrobin (Quadris, Syngenta) oo ay weheliso mefenoxam (Uniform, Syngenta), fluxapiroxad (Sercadis, BASF) ayaa lagula talinayaa in lagu beero carrada meelaha lagu qodo, inta kale ee walxaha ah - digriiga.
Liistada sunta cayayaanka lagu daaweyn karo digriiga xilliga la beero sidoo kale waa mid aad u ballaaran. Waxaa loo oggol yahay inuu ku isticmaalo daroogada a.v. acetamiprid, imidacloprid, bifentrin, fipronil, clothiadinine, thiamethoxam, chlorantraniliprol, oxamil. Xaaladdan oo kale, teflutrin (Force, Syngenta) iyo oxamyl (Vidat, Corteva) waxay leeyihiin qaab diyaarin ah oo dhagaxyo ah waxaana lagu soo rogayaa ciidda. Daawooyinka haray ayaa si wanaagsan loogu adeegsadaa labbiska, isla xallinta fungicides-ka. Noocyada tallaabada sunta cayayaanka ayaa ah cayayaanka ciidda leh, baradhada baradho Colorado iyo aphids on geedo. Nematode xakamaynta - magacaabista Vidat nematicide. Oggolaanshaha gaarka ah ee qaniinyada qaniinyadu kuma eka qawaaniinta, inkasta oo dhaqanka sanadihii la soo dhaafay uu muujiyey in saameynta walxaha kala duwan ee firfircoon ee looga hortago cayayaankan qatarta leh aaney u dhigmin. Inta badan diyaarinta ganacsiga ayaa ku saleysan imidacloprid, clothiadinine, iyo thiamethoxam. Waxaa jira ikhtiyaarro laba-qaybood ah: imidacloprid + fipronil (Tabu Super, Ogast), imidacloprid + bifentrin (Imidalit, FM Rus), thiamethoxam + chlorantraniliprol (Voliam Flexi, Syngenta).
Kala soocista fangasyoolajiyada fungicides noolaha ee Ruushka ayaa waxaa ka mid ah dhaqamada nool iyo dheef-shiid kiimikaadka xubnaha taranka ee ka yimaada hiddo-wadayaasha Bacillus, Pseudomonas iyo fangaska carnivorous ee ka yimid hiddo-wadaha Trichoderma. Isku soo wada duuboo, liiska 2020, 15 diyaarin ganacsi ayaa laga diiwan geliyay baradhada. Waxyaabaha ugu badan ee loo adeegsado wax soo saarka waa extrasol (Bisolbi-Inter), oo sababa qaar ka mid ah loogu diwaangaliyo diiwaangelinta sidii bacrimiyoolaji ahaan. Annaga 2017-2019 Waxtarka dhammaan biofungicides-ka casriga ee baradhada ayaa la qiimeeyay. Macluumaad tijaabo ah oo aad u xiiso badan oo faa'iido leh ayaa la helay kuwaas oo mudan tixgelin gooni ah waana la daabici doonaa.
Soo-saarista abuurka waa inay bixisaa difaac wax ku ool ah oo ka dhan ah cudurrada iyo cayayaanka, waxay kobcineysaa koritaanka dhirta iyo horumarka iyo inay ku filnaato tikniyoolajiyad, lagu dhisay habka wax soo saarka caadiga ah. Waxtarka waxaa lagu go'aamiyaa xulashada saxda ah ee daawooyinka iyo tayada wax soo saarka. Xulashada daroogada waa inay ku saleysnaataa fahamka ujeedka loo adeegsanayo sunta khaaska ah iyo iyadoo la tixgelinayo dhibaatooyinka jir ahaaneed ee qeyb gaar ah oo ka mid ah waxyaabaha la beero iyo goob gaar ah. Buugga rasmiga ah ee dawooyinka cayayaanka ee Ruushka waxaa ku jira macluumaad kooban. Fungicides for digriiga digriiga ayaa loo diiwaangaliyay si loo xakameeyo rhizoctonia, qolofta caadiga ah iyo qolofta lacagta. Ma jiro wax macluumaad ah oo ku saabsan waxtarka daroogada ee ka dhanka ah cudurka anthracnose, boogta biyo-biyoodka, infekshinka ciidda ee soo daaha, kaasoo aad u faafay sannadihii la soo dhaafay. Waxaa jira tusaalooyin qaar ka mid ah ficil aad u ballaadhan. Sidaa darteed, TMTD-dii hore waxaa loo arkaa inuu yahay daawo kahortaga qallalka soo daaha, rhizoctonia, qolofta, qudhunka bakteeriyada qoyan iyo fusarium. Waa shaki macquul ah oo ah nooc jimicsi la barbardhigi karo kaliya kan ugu casrisan saddexda fungicide Idikum - maqaarka maqaarka, Gangrene Gangrène, anthracnose, Fusarium, Rhizoctonia ..
Xayeysiinta soosaarayaasha sunta cayayaanka waxay bixisaa tilmaamo cayiman, laakiin ujeedoyinka kiiskan lama hubo. Qalabka xayeysiinta waa in lagu qiimeeyaa xakameyn iyo feejignaan, iyadoo la tixgelinayo danaha ganacsi ee soo saarayaasha alaabta ilaalinta dhirta. Haa, waxay bixiyaan caddayn ku filan oo ku saabsan faa'iidooyinka daroogooyinka gaarka ah ee ka sarreeya kuwa la tartamaya xaaladaha wax soo saarka dhabta ah. Waxaa jira sharci noocaas ah oo bir ah: daroogadaadu had iyo jeer wey guuleysataa, tartamuhu markasta wuu guuleystaa. Qalabka shirkad tartameysa, dabcan, wax waliba waa iska soo horjeed. Tusaalaha isbarbar dhigga lahaanshaha ee noocyada waxqabadka ee jeermisyada kala duwan ayaa lagu muujiyey Jadwalka 1.
Waxaa muhiim ah in la ogaado ujeeddada dhabta ah iyo waxtarka dhammaan alaabooyinka ilaalinta dhirta la heli karo. Macluumaadka noocan oo kale ah ee wadamada baradhada soo koraya waxaa sanad walba cusbooneysiiya machadyo khabiir ah oo madaxbanaan waxaana loo soo bandhigaa bulshada xirfadleyda ah. Rasmi ahaan, bilaash iyo horayba. Maaddaama gobolku uusan weli adeeg la mid ah u siinin soo saarayaasha beeraha ee Ruushka, macluumaadka laga heli karo sarkaalka shisheeye iyo ilaha furan waa in loo qaataa aasaas ahaan, laguna hagaajiyaa lacagaha la heli karo. Shaxda 2. hababka teknoolojiyadda guud ee lagu xakameynayo cudurrada baradhada guud ee la soo dersa, sunta cayayaanka lagu muujiyey oo lagu caddeeyey xakamaynta wax ku oolka ah ee cudurada gaarka ah. Tani waa macluumaad ku habboon, maaddaama inta badan molecules-ka firfircoon ee wakiillada difaaca la soosaaray muddo dheer. Laakiin qaar ka mid ah molikuyuullo firfircoon ayaa la abuuray dhowaan uun: sedaxan, penflufen, fluxopyroxade, taas oo furtay fursado cusub oo loogu talagalay maaraynta cudurrada jeermiska inta lagu jiro beeritaanka.
Shaxda 2. Qaababka farsamada ee loo xakameeyo cudurada baradhada (sida laga soo xigtay M.Fiers et al., 2011)
Cudurka loo yaqaan 'Pathogen / cudurka | Sevo-board | Bacriminta | Tuug | Soo degida, daryeelka, nadiifinta | Sunta cayayaanka |
Koloriin-gooye Koronto-wadaag / Anthracnose | Wareega in ka badan 5 sano oo leh sarreen, dhir cas, alfalfa, galley, caleemo, uumi, shaciir. Marka lagu daro iniin khardal huruud ah, soy, kufsi | - | 30 cm qashin qubka | Ka fogow walaaca biyaha, nadiifinta goor hore. Waqti gaaban oo udhaxeeya topping iyo goosashada | Bixiya oxamyl. Waxay yareysaa imazalil, tolchlofos-methyl, mancozeb, thiabendazole, fenpichonil iyo propiconazole. |
Fusarium spp./ Fusarium qalalan bulan | Ugu yaraan saddex sano wareejin leh dhir cas | Humus | Kaabis yar | Nadiifinta hore. Waqti gaaban oo udhaxeeya towska iyo goosashada, bogsashada nabarka | Chlorine dioxide, fenpichonil, iyo isku dar ah thiabendazole, imazalil iyo mancozeb |
Helmintosporium solani / qolka fadhiga | Ugu yaraan saddex sano wareejin leh dhir cas | - | Kaabis yar | Cufnaanta degganaan hoose, degitaanka soo daaho iyo goosashada hore | Mankoceb, imazalil, prochloraz, chlorine dioxide, thiabendazole, fenpichlonil, benomyl |
Phoma ssp./ Fomose digaag qalalan | - | - | - | Sare u kaca, qodista heerkulka ka sareeya 8оС | 2-aminobutane, thiabendazole |
Phytophthora erytroseptica / Pink Rot | Saddex jir ah oo leh shaciir iyo rooti gaduudan | - | - | Beeraha si fiican loo miiray, nadiifinta cimilada qabow, yareynta dhaawacyada | Mephenoxam, metalaxyl |
Polyscytalum pustulans / Oosporosis, qolofta futada | - | - | - | Nadiifinta hore | Imazalil, prochlorase (shahwada), 2-aminobutane, benomyl, thiabendazole |
Phytium Ultimate / dhaawacay biyihii kallana | - | Humus | - | Beeraha si fiican loo miiray, nadiifinta cimilada qabow, yareynta dhaawacyada | Mephenoxam |
Rhizoctonia solani / Rhizoctonia, qolof madow | Ugu yaraan saddex sano wareejin, marka laga reebo qamadi, alfalfa, galley | Humus, caws | Falanqaynta ugu yar, goynta crest dayr | Beer gacmeed (5 cm), heerkulka ciidda oo sareeya, cufnaanta beero yar. Waqti gaaban oo udhaxeeya togitaanka iyo qodo. | Waxay ka xanaajisaa 1,3 - dichloropropene, aldicarb iyo saliidaha loo yaqaan 'epoprofos'. |
Sclerotinia sclerotinium / caaryada cad | 4-5 sano jir ah oo leh badar badar leh, geedo badar leh | - | - | Maamulka waraabka | Fluazinam, iprodion, thiophanate methyl, boscalide |
Spongospora subterrania / Powdery qolofta | Ugu yaraan 10 sano, daaq ma leh | Ha u isticmaalin dheecaanka lo'da | Ha qodin guga | Soo daahay soo caga dhigashada beeraha wanaagsan | Fluzulfamide, Fluazinam, Mancocheb |
Synchytrium endobioticum / kansarka baradhada | Wareeg aad u dheer (30 sano) | Urea | - | Beeraha si fiican loo miiro | Urea = urea |
Verticillium dahliae / Vilt, verticillez | Saddex sano oo wareeg ah oo leh dhir cas, doogga Suudaan, dalaggu. Marka laga reebo uumiga, digir, miraha, bariiska, reexaanta, haramaha | Amerium lingosulfate | Kaabis yar | - | Mancozeb, captan, metam, 1,3-dichloropropene, chloropicrin |
Clavibacter michiganensis ssp.sepedonicus / Ring ring | Iyada oo basasha | - | - | - | Flusulfamide |
Pectobacterium, Dickeya / Blackleg | Ka reebista monoculture, ku beddelashada qamadi, rooti gaduudan, shaciir ama caws | Ha ka badin nitrogen | - | Beeraha si fiican loo miiray, Ka saarista dhirta cudurka leh, ka hortagga waxyeelada maqaarka | Chlorine dioxide, aluminium iyo milixda birta, cusugamycin, streptomycin, soda benzoate, benzoic acid, copper oxychloride + metalaxyl ama cymoxanil, metiram, clorocin, |
Ka adkaanta isnadaamiska / qolofta caadiga ah iyo shabaqa | Alupine, galley jiilaalka ama seradella. Ka sakow xididdada sokorta, karootada, daaqa | Kaliumpermanganat, fosfooraska, ammonium lingosulfate, compost, digada doofaarka | Furfurnaanshaha qotada dheer | - | Bixiya oxamyl. Waxay kakoobantahay boric acid, streptomycin, daminoside, DL-ethionine |
Ditylenchus halaag | - | - | - | - | Oxamyl |
Globodera rostochiensis / Cyst-forming nematode | Wareeg dheer oo leh digir, flax, galley, miro iyo galley | Fosfooraska | - | Ka hortag faafidda faafitaanka farsamada | Burburinta Dimethyl, 1,3-dichloropropene, aldicarb, dawacada, A.C. 92100, 64475, carbofuran |
Meloidogine ssp./ Galool nematode | Uumiga madow / Waxa intaa u dheer dalagyo badan - karootada, xididdo, dhir cas, dalag, ari | - | - | - | Dhammaan ciidda carrada |
Dalalka Midowga Yurub, waxaa ka jira geeddi-socod joogto ah oo firfircoon, xitaa dagaal iyo cagaaran xad-dhaaf ah oo beeraha ah. Kooxo badan oo ka mid ah walxaha firfircoon ayaa mar horeba lagala noqday ama lagala wareegay wareegga sharciga, isticmaalkooda si adag ayaa loo mamnuucay. Sidaa darteed, kala duwanaanta alaabooyinka ilaalinta dhirta ee ilaalinta abuurka ayaa noqday mid aad u xaddidan, sida laga arki karo tusaalaha Jarmalka (Shaxda 3). Khubaradu waxay rumeysan yihiin in haddii ay sidan sii socoto, wax soo saarka dalagyada degdegga ah, oo ay hubaal ka mid yihiin baradhada, ay tahay in laga joojiyo Galbeedka Yurub, maadaama ay aad iyo aad u sii adkaaneyso in la helo waxsoosaar sarreeya iyo tayada wax soo saarka. Isla mar ahaantaana, laba dhinac oo ah nidaamka ilaalinta ee loo adeegsaday Midowga Yurub waxay mudan yihiin fiiro gaar ah: 1) fungicides based on copper hydroxide (Funguran progress Kuprozin progress in the Russian Federation there is a similar, Kosayd 2000, tusaale ahaan) waxaa lagula talinayaa in loo isticmaalo xakamaynta cudurada bakteeriyada; 2) u diyaar garowga microbiological ayaa si firfircoon loo isticmaalaa. Ka hortagga bakteeriyada Noocyada 'Pectobacterium' iyo 'Dickeya', diyaargarowga naxaasta ee la oggol yahay ayaa lagu qasi karaa waxyaabaha kale ee fungicides. Naxaasku waa cunsur raad raac ah oo marka digriiga la farsameynayo ay dhirta heli karto marxaladda hore ee horumarka. Dhirta baradhada oo sifiican loo siiyay naxaas ayaa u adkeysata dhaxan. Nuujinta hore ee naxaantu waxay gacan ka geysaneysaa sameynta lignin, taas oo ah, sameynta dhaqso badan ee roogga adag.
Shaxda 3. Kala soocidda walxaha kaabajka baradho abuur inta lagu gudajiray, Jarmalka, 2020
Sanadka 2020, beeraleyda baradhada Jarmalka waxay fursad u leeyihiin inay adeegsadaan 10 diyaar garow ah oo loogu talagalay codsashada digriiga iyo carrada markay wax beerayaan. Waxyaabaha ay ka kooban tahay bayoolaji ee ay ka kooban yihiin fungicides-ka iyo kiciyaasha kicinta, firfircoonida iyo caadi u noqoshada microbiota ayaa asal ahaan ka duwan kan Ruushka. Badeecadaha ganacsiga waxay la soo baxeen noocyo kale oo ka mid ah hiddo-wadaha Bacillus, ma ahan Subtilis, laakiin Verezentis, Atrophaeus, Amyloliquefaciens. Marka lagu daro hal-qeyb, isku-darka bakteeriyada antagonist-ka ayaa bilaabay in si firfircoon loo isticmaalo. Sidaa darteed, sheyga SOLANOVA contains wuxuu ka kooban yahay isku-dhafnaan isku-dhafan oo ka kooban 5 nooc oo ah noolaha: Trichoderma, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Streptomyceten, Mykorriza. Mabda'a ficil ee SOLANOVA - wuxuu kordhiyaa waxqabadka microbial carrada, nafaqada dhirta ayaa la heli karaa, waxay kobcisaa koritaanka xididka, waxay ka saareysaa haraaga dabiiciga ee ku dhintay carrada, waxay sare u qaadeysaa soo saarida hoormoonka dhirta iyo enzymes, waxay kordhisaa dulqaadka walbahaarka sida cusbada, kuleylka, abaaraha, qabowga, iwm Saamaynta: waxay ku baxdaa carrada iyo xididada waxayna la tartantaa cudurada loo yaqaan 'root exudates' sida cuntada aasaasiga ah, waxay sameysaa caqabad microbial ah oo ku jirta aagga xididka ee sheyga kale, waxay xoojisaa iska caabinta dhirta, sameynta antibiyootigyada ay leeyihiin dhirta, waxay gacan ka geysaneysaa horumarka xasiloonida dhirta yar yar.
Qaab dhismeedka ugu dhammeystiran ee lagu ilaalinayo sheyga beedka baradho ee Mareykanka (Shaxda 4,5). Illaa iyo hadda, waxaa jira alaabooyin si ballaaran loo isticmaalay oo ah qaab budo ah (boodh) ah oo loogu talagalay daaweynta abuurka inta lagu jiro goynta. Dabeecadda dabacsan ee khataraha soo ifbaxaya ee jarista faafidda cudurka goor dambe, kallana qalalan iyo cudurrada bakteeriyada iyo xaqiiqda wadarta goynta dhaqameed ee walxaha qalafsan ee Mareykanka ayaa ugu wacan kaliya waxqabadka ganacsi ee wanaagsan ee alaabada budada ah ee ku saleysan Mancozeb iyo pencycuron. Dhanka, illaa sanadkii hore, 30% dhammaan baradhada abuurka ee England waxaa lagu daaweeyay budada pencycuron (Monceren, Bayer). Dareemida dareeraha, marka lagu daro walxaha lagu yaqaan Ruushka, sedaxan, hydrogen peroxide, iyo bakteeriyada Chenopodium quinoa saponins waa la ogolaaday in la isticmaalo. Sedaxan wuxuu kujiraa daawada ugu horeysa aduunka ee 4-jeermis dilaha ee Syngenta, taas oo gudaha USA loogu yeero Cruiser Maxx Vibrance Potato Ultra oo iskujirta d.v. fludioxonil + difenoconazole + sedaxan + thiamethoxam. Xiriirka Ruushku wuxuu ku dhawaaqay bilowga nidaamka ee lagu daro daroogo isku mid ah diiwaanka baradhada; xididdo sonkor ah, Vibrans leh halabuur isku mid ah ayaa horay loo ansixiyay (Shaxda XNUMX).
Jadwalka 4: Isudiyaarinta loogu talagalay ka shaqeynta baradhada abuur (qawaaniinta rasmiga ah ee dowlada Mareykanka ee 2020)
1 - qiyaasta = qadarka sheyga la dhammeeyay ee la dalbanayo, halka oz fl (ounce) = 28,4 g, cwt (bag) = 45,4 -50,1 kg.
2 - x - badeecad loo oggol yahay dhaqan iyo cudur; maran = shey aan loogu talagalin cudur gaar ah.
3 - Fusarium, Rhizoctonia solani iyo Helminthosporium solani. Fangaskaani waxay sababaan kallanaasho, rhizoctonia iyo qolofta silvery.
4 - waxaa ka mid ah Erwinia, oo sababa jeermis khafiif ah oo bakteeriya ah iyo Clavibacter, oo sababa giraan giraan.
Farqiga xagjirnimada iyo faa iidada nidaamka Mareykanka ee ilaalinta marka la beero baradhada waa noocyo badan oo loo diyaarin karo dalabaadka carrada. Marka lagu daro azoxystrobin, mefenoxam, fluxapiroxade iyo diyaarinta bayoolajiga ah ee loo oggol yahay Xiriirka Ruushka, waxaa loo oggol yahay inuu isticmaalo walxo kale oo firfircoon oo ka socda kooxda loo yaqaan 'strobirulins' (Pyraclostrobin, fluoxastrobin) iyo sida caadiga ah wakiilada anti-phytoplastic (cyazofamide, fluazines, flutolanil, oxathiipron). Ujeedada beerashada carrada waa xakameynta rhizoctoniosis, engeeg goor dambe, pitium iyo anthracnose (Shaxda 5).
Jadwalka 5. Ciidda u diyaarsanaanta abuuritaanka baradhada (qawaaniinta gobolka ee rasmiga ah ee Mareykanka ee 2020)
halka ft, 30 cm; lb - lb, 0,4 kg; A - acre, 0,4 ha.
Falanqaynta macluumaadka madax-bannaan ayaa kuu oggolaanaya inaad doorato walxaha firfircoon ee saxda ah markaad ka shaqeyneyso walxaha abuurka baradhada. Liistada cudur-sidayaasha la xakameynayo ee digriiga waxay ku egtahay rhizoctonia, qolof caan ah iyo silvery, fusarium iyo phomosis (sawirka 1). Furrow ama carrada oo la beerto guud ahaan waxay suurta gal ka dhigeysaa in la sii yareeyo asalka faafa ee rhizoctonia, anthracnose, finanka soo daaha ee caadiga ah, nabar biyo leh (cabsi leh) iyo kallana casaan Halkaas, diyaargarowga microbiological iyo copper-ku jira ayaa waxtar u leh cudurada bakteeriyada.
Maado kasta oo firfircoon waxay leedahay nooc ficil oo gaar ah. Tusaale ahaan, penflufen iyo sedaxan waxay wax ku ool ka yihiin qolofta, laakiin waxtar ma leh fusarium, halka mancozeb iyo difenoconazole, liddi ku ah, prothioconazole ay si weyn u kordhiso waxtarka xakamaynta qolofta lacagta ee pencycuron, iwm. Haddii Sercadis lagula taliyo in si gooni ah loogu isticmaalo dalkeenna, ka dibna Mareykanka, marka la shaqeynayo qodxaha, fluxapiroxade waxaa lagu qasan yahay pyraclostrobin (daawada Priaxor). Tanina maahan sabab la'aan wax la sameeyo, laakiin dar dargalinta ballaarinta muuqaalka ficilka, hal d.v. kuma filna. Waxaa jira dhowr xayiraad oo ku saabsan waqtiga isticmaalka. Tusaale ahaan, way kafiican tahay in lagu daweeyo baradho hurda, baradho aan fuuqsnayn oo leh fludioxonil. Imazalil waxaa lagula talinayaa in loo isticmaalo kaliya cuncunka hore, laakiin isla mar ahaantaana waa mid ka mid ah kuwa yar ee xakameynaya oosporosis. Waxaa jira kala duwanaansho ku saabsan qiimeynta daawooyinka gaarka ah ee dalal kala duwan. Marka, Yurub gudaheeda, waxaa la rumeysan yahay in azoxystrobin iyo strobirulins kale ay tahay in lagu dabaqo oo kaliya ciida, waa inaysan ku soo dhicin digriiga. USA gudaheeda, majiro xadidaad noocaas ah, walaxda waxaa loo isticmaalaa digriiga iyo jeexjeexyada labadaba. Waxaa xusid mudan xaqiiqda ah in Galbeedka Yurub, USA iyo Kanada aysan ka tagi doonin boodhka mustaqbalka, i.e. sibidhka fudud ee digriiga oo aan kharash farsamo ku fadhiyin.
Loogu tala galay beeraleyda baradhada Ruushka, ku dhaqanka faafitaanka boodhka digriiga ku jira dhufayska dhirta waa mid muddo dheer la ilaaway oo maalmahan aan la aqbali karin. Xitaa way adag tahay in la qiyaaso in wadamada horumaray habka noocan oo kale ah ee loo adeegsado wali si ballaaran loogu dhaqmo, tanina waxay ku hoos jirtaa hal ku dhigyada ku saabsan cilmiga bey'ada (Run, budada ku saleysan penflufen, flutolonil iyo fludioxonil horeyba waa looga mamnuucay Midowga Yurub gacanta, kaliya waxaa loo marin karaa codsadayaasha) Waxaa jira laba ikhtiyaar oo loogu talagalay qoynta, dareeraha dareeraha: horaantii cisbitaalka iyo marka la beero berrinka. Xulashada goor hore waxay leedahay faa iidooyin dhowr ah - qaab aamusnaan ah, qiyaasta saxda ah ee xalka shaqada, iyo kordhinta wax soo saarka beedka baradhada. Laakiin waxaad u baahan tahay inaad ogaato in daaweynta tayada sare leh ee isbitaalka ay tahay buufin heerkeedu hooseeyo oo buufin leh qulqulka dareeraha shaqeeya ee aan ka badnayn 3 l / t. Tani way suurtogal tahay markaad isticmaaleyso buufiyeyaasha maqaarka (fiiri sawirka 2,3) dusha sare ee wareega - rollers rollers, miisaska kormeerka ama qalabka Mafex ee gaarka ah. Qiyaasta socodka dheecaanka shaqeeya 10-20 l / t oo ay oggol yihiin heerarka Xiriirka Ruushka ee isbitaalka waa in loo aqoonsadaa inay khalad tahay oo aan la aqbali karin. Xaaladda phytopathological ee casriga ah, qoyaanka muuqda ee digriiga ayaa ah daandaansi ula kac ah ee horumarinta cudurrada bakteeriyada. Daaweynta ka dib isbitaalka, xitaa fiidkii beeritaanka, baradhada waa in la qalajiyaa. Haddii howshu ku socoto geedi socod, baradhada la shiiday ayaa la raray oo la geeyay berrinka, laakiin waxay bilaabatay roobab iyo beero ayaa istaagay ugu yaraan maalin - isla markiiba shub oo qalaji miraha. Haddii kale, dhibaatooyinka biqilka iyo qudhunta digriiga waa lama huraan.
Maareynta degida ayaa wali la door bidaa. Looma baahna in la kululeeyo, digriiga qallalan, ma jiro wax dhibaato ah oo ku saabsan dalbashada alaabada ilaalinta dhirta kaydinta mana jiraan wax khatar ah oo dib-u-dhigidda dib-u-dhaca ka-dib-u-dhaqaajinta, ma aha oo keliya digriiga, laakiin sidoo kale ciidda ayaa la baarayaa. Laakiin hannaanka abuurka ayaa hoos udhacay, tirada qalabka ku lugta leh ayaa sii kordhaya, waxaa jira dhibaatooyin xagga indho indhaynta socodka joogtada ah ee dareeraha iyo maaraynta tayada tayada. Dhamaan qorsheeyayaasha baradho casri ah waxaa la siiyaa qalab taangiga loogu talagalay difaaca dhirta. Waxaa fiican in la isticmaalo khaas ah godad gaar ah oo dabacsan, kuwaas oo u nugul in ay ku xirnaadaan xallinta xayiraadda xoogga badan (eeg sawirka 4,5,6).
Syngenta waxay siisaa dadka wax iibsada wakiiladooda dawooyin leh buufiyayaal naxaas ah (sawir 4), kuwaas oo si gaar ah loogu talagalay isticmaalka xayiraadda ka-hakinta, waxay ku kala duwan yihiin wax ka yar 40% marka loo eego dhibcaha caadiga ah ee leh ololka 'hollo', iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay naqshadooda sahlan ee ay ficil ahaan u xirayaan oo uma baahna filter. Waxaa loo sameeyay oo lagu rakibay laba-labo. Labada nozzles waxaa loo dejiyaa xagal 45 ° ilaa sagxadda sare waxaana loo jeediyaa dhinacba: dalool leh xagal 20 ° (dheere) oo loogu talagalay ka baaraandegga digriiga ayaa lagu rakibay furka ugu horreeya ee weheliso wehelka; Guriye leh xagal 70 ° (gaaban) waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu farsameeyo salka geedka hore, qayb ahaan qaaxada, iyo sidoo kale ciidda dabooleysa jeexjeexyada, ayaa lagu rakibay dhismaha labaad.
Rakibaadda saxda ah ee buufinta furayaasha geedaha ayaa lagu muujiyay sawirka 7,8. Ka baaraandegidda kaliya digriiga (sawirka 7) ayaa luminaya ku-xirnaanteeda, maaddaama sida noocan oo kale ah loo buufiyo nozzles, burburinta xalka shaqada waa suurtagal. Codsi isku mar ah oo daaweyn ah oo la siiyo digriiga iyo ciidda ayaa waxtar badan leh. Xaaladdan oo kale, mashiinka xagjirka ah ee hore (1) wuxuu ku firdhin karaa 1/3 dareeraha si toosan hoos ugu dhaca boodhka furan ee tooska uga hooseeya qashinka. Digriiga baradhada ayaa markaa ku dhaca dhogorta lagu daaweeyay dareeraha. Ilbidhiqsi labaad, xagal xagal leh (2) wuxuu ku mudayaa 2/3 dareeraha la buufiyay carrada guurguurta ee harrowga uu ku daboolayo digriiga. Waxaa sidoo kale lagu talinayaa in la isticmaalo nooca isku-dhafan, sidaa darteed qayb ka mid ah xalka shaqada ayaa loogu talagalay digriiga.
Xalka shaqada ee u diyaargarowga ilaalinta iyo kicinta digriiga inta lagu guda jiro beeritaanka waxaa ku jiri kara ilaa shan qaybood: fungicide, cayayaanka, u diyaargarowga microbiological, bacriminta nafaqeeyayaalka yar yar ama kiciyaha kiciyaha, xayeysiinta Xulashada microfertilizer-ka oo leh saamiga ugu wanaagsan ee nafaqooyinka, amino acids, adjuvants si fiican u soo afjaridda iyo koritaanka hore waa mid ballaaran. Alaabooyinka ganacsiga casriga ahi waa kuwo farsamo ahaan aad u horumarsan oo si wanaagsan loo qaybiyey, waxay ku dhex jiraan xalka aqueous iyadoon roob di'in. Isku dar kasta oo cusub oo daroogo ah, tan waa in lagu xaqiijiyaa tusaale mug yar. Dhanka kale, kaliya sunta cayayaanka iyo sunta dilaaca ayaa loo baahanyahay in laqorto, taas oo codsadayaal gaar ah lagu rakibay geedka (sawirka 9,10). Codsadaha ayaa sidoo kale soo bandhigaya kahortaga nematode diyaarinta bayoolajiga Nematofagin-Mikopro oo ku saleysan fangaska ugaarsiga, maaddaama sida ku cad macluumaadka soo-saaraha aysan la jaan qaadi karin fungicides.
Qiimaha lebiska iyo kicinta walxaha dhirta baradhada iyadoo la isticmaalayo daawooyinka ugu waxtarka badan ayaa labanlaabmay shantii sano ee la soo dhaafay waxayna gaaraysaa 8-10 kun oo rubi / ha. Kani waa qaybta saddexaad ee dhammaan nidaamka ilaalinta, haa, waa muhiim, laakiin u dhiganta qiimaha hal tan oo baradho ah. Kordhinta dakhliga ka soo baxa hawsha ayaa marar badan ka sarreeya kharashyada, mana aha wax badan sababtoo ah kororka waxsoosaarka, laakiin waxay u sabab tahay kororka tayada wax soo saarka. Isla mar ahaantaana, ka baaraandegidda walxaha abuurka waa in si farsamo leh loogu fuliyaa. Digriiga qurmay iyo kuwa dhaawacmay waa in marka hore si taxaddar leh loo soo saaraa, haddii kale howshoodu waxay horseed u noqon doontaa kor u kac weyn xagga horumarka kallanaanshaha, gaar ahaan marka la beero carro biyo qabow ama aan ku filnayn, taas oo horseedi doonta hoos u dhaca biqilka baradhada Marka laga gudbo heerka isticmaalka ugu fiican, xad-dhaafka ah ee alaabooyinka ka-hortagga dhirta waa in aan loo oggolaan, kuwani waa diyaargarow adag, dhirtu waxay dib uga dhici doontaa koritaanka muddo dheer Adeegsiga sunta loo yaqaan 'fungicides' inta lagu guda jiro beerista ma baabi'in karto infekshinka gudaha ee digriiga, i.e. labiska ma beddeli karo miraha tayo sare leh.
Gebogebadii, waa in la ogaadaa in daaweynta hababka ilaalinta iyo kicinta walxaha abuurka ay tahay marxalad qasab ah oo wax ku ool ah nidaamka ilaalinta ee baradhada baaxadda weyn leh. Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, waxaa jiray horumar la taaban karo oo ka jira aaggan oo fursado cusub ayaa furmaya. Daraasadda iyo falanqaynta macluumaadka shisheeyaha ayaa noo oggolaanaya inaan muujino isbeddellada ugu waaweyn ee ilaalinta aaladda beero baradhada. Tani waa ballaadhinta tirada jeermisyada la kantaroolo, ka-guurista daawooyinka hal-laba-qaybood loo kala beddelo daawooyinka saddex-afar-ka kooban, ka-gudbidda digriiga ee beerashada carrada iyo abuurista walxaha cusub ee firfircoon ee kiimikada iyo ilaalinta nafleyda. Iyadoo la tixgelinayo isbeddelka xaaladda phytopathological, fiiro gaar ah waa in la siiyaa qolofta silvery, pithium, anthracnose, infekshannada kale ee carrada iyo bakteeriyada. Kala duwanaanta noocyada sunta ah ee laga heli karo Ruushka waa mid casri ah oo kala duwan. Shirkadaha hormoodka ka ah soosaarka alaabada ilaalinta dhirta kuma deg degsana inay bixiyaan isku darka d.v-v ee loogu talagalay Ruushka, laakiin shirkadaha Ruushka (Agoosto, Shchelkovo-Agrokhim, Agro Expert Group) oo leh alaabooyin isku dhafan oo kala ah Idikum, Deposit iyo King Combi waxay u muuqdaan kuwo aad ugu habboon oo tartan ah. Marka laga hadlayo daaweynta carrada ee loo yaqaan "fungicides" ee Yurub, oo ay ku jiraan Ruushka, waxaa jira dib u dhac cad oo ka dambeeya heerka dibedda, laakiin waxaa jira waxyaabo badan oo la barto oo ay jiraan wax loo qaato tusaale ahaan, keydka ugu weyn ee lagu kordhinayo waxtarka ilaalinta marka la beero halkan. Marka la eego wax ku oolnimada diyaargarowga noolaha, hoggaaminta, dabcan, waxaa iska leh shirkadaha reer Yurub. Liistada Biofungicides ee Ruushka waa mid aad u ballaaran, laakiin cidhiidhi ku ah curinta bayoolojiga, waxtarka lagu dhawaaqay ee ka dhanka ah cudurrada ayaa loo baahan yahay in lagu xaqiijiyo ficil ahaan. Hababka la soo jeediyay ee lagu xakameynayo cudurrada bakteeriyada iyadoo la adeegsanayo fungicides ay ku jirto maaddooyinka iyo bakteeriyada bayoolojiga ayaa leh qiime iyo tixgelin gaar ah.