Baradhada ka baxa Tajikistan, halkaas oo in ka badan 90% dhulka ay ku nool yihiin buuro, waxay la xiriirtaa dhibaatooyin gaar ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, soo saarayaasha beeralayda waxay la qabsadeen cimilada iyo dhulka iyagoo isku daraya hababka shaqada ee awoowayaashood iyo tignoolajiyada horumarsan. Taasi waxay keentay in qayb-hoosaadku uu si joogto ah u horumaro, waxaana guushaas sahlay siyaasadda tayada leh ee maamulka.
Ku wajahan fursadaha cusub
Maanta, baradhada waxaa lagu beeray dhammaan gobollada Jamhuuriyadda Tajikistan, oo ku nool meelo aad u yar oo ku yaal beero gaar ah: laga bilaabo 0,1 ilaa 0,5 hektar. Iyadoo isbeddel ku yimid dhaqanka cuntada ee dadka deegaanka, dalagga tuber ayaa si sax ah u bilaabay in loogu yeero rootiga labaad. Sannadihii u dambeeyayna, beerista baradhada waxay noqotay mid ka mid ah qaybaha ugu muhiimsan ee wax soo saarka dalagga.
"Tan iyo 2018, waxaa jiray koror ku yimid mugga wax soo saarka dalagga," ayuu yiri madaxa shaybaarka ee genetics iyo taranta dhirta ee Machadka Botany, Physiology iyo Plant Genetics ee Akademiyada Qaranka ee Sayniska ee Tajikistan, Doctor of Sciences Beeraha. Sayniska, Professor RAE Kurbonali Partoev. - Laakiin korriinka ugu horrayn waxaa sabab u ah balaadhinta aagga beeritaanka. Habka baaxadda leh ee beerashada waa mid aan waxtar lahayn, gaar ahaan cimilada kulul iyo la'aanta dhulka waraabka ah. Sidaa darteed, saynisyahannada iyo beeralaydu waxay heli doonaan fursado cusub oo lagu xoojinayo beeraha mustaqbalka dhow.
Celceliska wax-soo-saarka dalagga lixdii sano ee la soo dhaafay wuu kala duwanaa inta u dhaxaysa 21,8-22,3 t/ha, dhulka hoostiisa wuxuu ka kacay 41 kun ilaa 57 kun oo hektar. Marxaladdan, in ka badan 6% dhammaan dhulalka waraabka ah ee Tajikistan waxaa degan baradhada. Sannad kasta waddanku wuxuu soo saaraa inta u dhaxaysa 1-1,1 milyan oo tan oo badeecooyin ah, kuwaas oo ku saabsan 130 kun oo tan oo ah walxo abuur ah.
"La'aanta baradhada cuntada waa 15-18 kun oo tan sannadkii," ayuu yiri ku xigeenka agaasimaha guud ee Bokhtar Sozanda LLC, wakiilka Ururka Agribusiness ee gobolka Khatlon, musharaxa cilmiga beeraha. cilmiga Safarali Oripov. - Hadda, waxaan ku hagaajineynaa dhimista iyada oo loo marayo sahayda joogtada ah ee wadamada kale, tusaale ahaan, Pakistan, Russia, Belarus. Laakin waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in aan horumarino wax soo saarkeena si loo dammaanad qaado sugnaanta cuntada ee jamhuuriyadayada.
Gaar ahaan tan
Iyadoo ku xiran xaaladaha gobollada, noocyada dalagga ee xilliyada bislaanshaha kala duwan ayaa la beeraa. Tusaale ahaan, gobolka Khatlon - baradhada hore, ee Dooxada Gissar iyo Gobolka Gorno-Badakhshan - horaantii hore, gobolka Tajikabad - goor dambe.
"Noocyada ugu caansan waxaa ka mid ah Picasso, Tajikistan, Big Rose, Red Scarlett, Gala, Cosmos," ayuu yidhi. Safarali Oripov. - Beeralayda ayaa si isku mid ah u dalbanaya noocyada Nederlandka iyo xulashada Jarmalka iyo kuwa ay dhaleen saynisyahannadeenna oo ku saleysan kuwa shisheeye. Iyo sidoo kale noocyo la abuuray iyada oo lala kaashanayo beeralayda Xarunta Baradhada Caalamiga ah ee Peru.
"Waxaan beerayey baradhada shinni ee Rasht, Tajikistan, noocyada Faizabad ee gobolka Rasht ee jamhuuriyadda muddo lix sano ah," ayuu yiri madaxa beertu. Dzhumabek Abdulloev. – Baaxadda dhul beereedku waa lix hektar, wax-soo-saarkeeduna shan nooc oo galley ah iyo saddex nooc oo digir ah. Marka beeraleydu ay beeranayaan dhulal yaryar, beeralaydu waxay inta badan doortaan dalagyada caleenta ah ee ku kobciya ciidda nitrogen si loo hubiyo wareegga dalagga.
Aagagga leh cimilo dhexdhexaad ah, oo ay ku jiraan Dooxada Rasht, gobolka Shahristan iyo Kukhistoni Mastchokh (Mountain Mastcha), wax-soo-saarka dalagga sare ayaa lagu arkay. Beeralayda horumaray ee meelahaas ka shaqeeya waxay hektar kasta ka soo ururiyaan ilaa 45-50 tan oo digriiga ah.
"Dhowr sano ka hor, waxaan ku koray baradhada gobolka Vanj ee jamhuuriyadda aagga qiyaastii afar hektar," ayuu yiri beeralaydii hore, madaxa barnaamijyada horumarinta ee Aga Khan Foundation. Imatbek Nikhmonov. - Beertayda, doorbidista waxaa la siiyay noocyada Tajik, Ruushka, Yurub, Pakistan, iyo celceliska wax-soo-saarka dalagga wuxuu u dhexeeyay 35 ilaa 40 tan halkii hektar.
"Badhadhada hore, oo aan ka helno koonfurta dalka," ayaa sharraxday Safarali Oripov, - la beeray December oo la goostay May. Bisha Agoosto, dib u beeritaanku waxay dhacdaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo geedo hore loogu koray aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo. Tani waxay suurtogal ka dhigaysaa in la qodo baradhada ka hor dhaxan ugu horreeya. Laakin dhulka cagaha iyo buuraha leh, wax soosaarayaashu waxay goostaan hal dalagga digriiga ah
Warshadaha aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ayaa si firfircoon uga socda Tajikistan, iyadoo ay si toos ah uga qayb qaadanayaan beeralayda baradhada. Filimka gaarka ah ee ay ku daboolaan beerahooda ayaa u oggolaanaya inay geedo ka ilaaliyaan sayaxa subaxda culus iyo roobabka guga. Badanaa, soosaarayaashu waxay ku hayaan dhirta hoosteeda filimka ilaa goosashada, sidaas darteed qodista digriiga waxay bilaabataa 10-12 maalmood ka hor.
Dameeraha, dibida, godadka waraabka
Ganacsiga beeraha ee wadamada Aasiyada dhexe, saamiga shaqada gacanta ayaa dhaqan ahaan aad u sareysa. Sababtana had iyo jeer maaha qiimaha sarreeya ee mishiinnada iyo unugyada.
"Beerooyin badan oo jamhuuriyada ku yaal ayaa si buuxda loo siiyaa dhammaan noocyada qalabka ee soo saarayaasha hormuudka ah," ayuu dammaanad qaaday Safarali Oripov. – Waad ku mahadsan tahay taageerada dawladda, nidaamka kiraynta beeralayda ayaa si waxtar leh u shaqeeya. Marka la beero, mashiinnada laga sameeyo Yurub ayaa inta badan la isticmaalaa, iyo kuwa Ruushku sameeyo marka la goosanayo. Buuraha, halkaas oo meelo yar yar lagu beero oo aan qalabka caadiga ahi gaadhi karin, makaanaynta yar yar ayaa badbaadisa maalinta. Laakiin inta badan dalagga ayaa lagu beeraa oo lagu qodaa gacanta, iyo beerista kala fogaanshaha safka ayaa lagu fuliyaa iyadoo la kaashanayo fardaha.
"Dhammaan shaqada marka laga reebo beerista," ayuu xaqiijinayaa maamulaha beerta Mulloidi Safarov, - Waxaan wax ku soo bandhignaa iyadoo la kaashanayo xayawaanka guriga: dameeraha, dibida iyo fardaha. Meelaha buuraleyda ah mar walba suurtagal maaha in la isticmaalo habab. Laakiin hababkayadu waxay badbaado u yihiin deegaanka waxayna noo ogolaanayaan inaan ilaalino qaab-dhismeedka buro ee ciidda.
"Sida 100 sano ka hor, beeralayda Tajik waxay si weyn ugu shaqeystaan shaqada gacanta," ayuu raaciyay Dzhumabek Abdulloev. – Beer yar oo la beero ma aha mid aad u adag, waqtina way qaadanaysaa. In kasta oo aynaan diidi doonin qalabka casriga ah ee cabbirka yar ee ku habboon xaaladahayaga.
"Gobolka Ismaamulka Gorno-Badakhshan, cagaf-cagafyada waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa wax-beerashadda, wax-soo-saarka iyo beerashada safafka dhexdooda," ayuu yiri. Imatbek Nikhmonov. – Oo xilliga beerista iyo goosashada, dibi shaqo oo gaar ah ayaa la isticmaalaa, sidii awoowayaasheen hore u samayn jireen.
Baradhada Tajikistan waxa si gaar ah loogu beeraa waraabka hoostiisa. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qalabka casriga ah ee waraabka ayaa dhif ah lagu rakibaa beeraha. Tan waxaa inta badan sameeya warshado waaweyn oo ka qanisan. Sida caadiga ah, biyuhu waxay ku qulqulaan beeraha cuf-jiidka, iyada oo loo marayo shabakad horay loo sii qoday ee kanaalka - godadka. Haddii aysan jirin meel biyo ah oo u dhow, beeralaydu waxay qodaan ceelal waxayna biyaha ka soo shubaan qoto dheer 60-80 mitir.
Sayniska iyo ku dhaqanka
Jamhuuriyadda, meelaha loo qoondeeyay in lagu beero noocyo cusub oo dalagyo ah ayaa ka baxa sannad kasta. Ka shaqeynta abuurkooda, shaqaalaha Machadka Botany, Physiology iyo Genetics Plant ee Akademiyada Qaranka ee Sayniska ee Tajikistan waxay muujinayaan natiijooyin wanaagsan. Noocyada aagagga tartanka ah Faizabad, Rasht, Tajikistan, Zarina, Ovchi, Shukrona, Nurinisso, Surkhob, AN-1, Muhabbat iyo kuwa kale ayaa hore loogu soo bandhigay suuqa.
"Dowladeenu waxay ansixisay liiska shirkadaha abuur ka shaqeeya si dhow ula shaqeeya saynisyahano," ayuu yiri Safarali Oripov- Super Elite iyo Elite ayaa lagu koray beeraha Machadka, ka dibna alaabta waxaa loo wareejiyaa beeraha abuurka ee gobollada kala duwan, halkaas oo lagu faafiyo ilaa dhalmada ugu horreysa.
Maamulka dalka ayaa siiya beeraleyda abuurka abuurka dhammaan taageerada suurtagalka ah. Sannad kasta, baradhada shinnida ayaa laga soo iibsadaa miisaaniyadda waxaana loo qaybiyaa Wasaaradda Beeraha ee Jamhuuriga iyada oo loo marayo beero khaas ah. Kaliya dhamaadka xilli-xilliyeedka, goosashada ka dib, waxay dib u bixiyaan deynta gobolka alaabada, waxayna u isticmaalaan inta ka hartay dalagyada iibka iyo baahidooda.
"Qiyaastii 90% miraha waxaa laga beeraa dhulka buuraleyda ah ee jamhuuriyadda," ayuu yiri Kurbonali Partoev. – Joog ka sarreeya 1,8 ilaa saddex kun oo mitir oo ka sarreeya heerka badda, cudurrada iyo cayayaannada xanbaarsan cudurrada dhirta fayras ayaan weligii la helin. Tusaale ahaan, gobolka Kuhistoni Mastchokh wuxuu buuxiyaa dhammaan shuruudaha wax soo saarka abuurka tayada sare leh.
Kaydi ama iibiso
Dhibaatada kaydinta dalagyada ayaa si gaar ah u cidhiidhi ah cimilada kulul, laakiin beeralayda baradhada maxalliga ah waxay helaan hab ay uga baxaan xaaladda iyagoo leh kharash yar.
"Gobolada jamhuuriyadda, oo meelaha ugu badan ay ku nool yihiin dalagyada, faa'iidada wax-soo-saarayaashu waa sarreeyaa," ayaa sharraxaysa xaaladda. Imatbek Nikhmonov. "Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay inay lacag ku bixin karaan dhismaha xarumaha kaydinta casriga ah, tusaale ahaan, iyagoo ku midoobaya ururada beeralayda." Iyo meelaha buuraleyda ah waxay wali isticmaalaan bakhaarradii hore ee awoowe, kuwaas oo qaadi kara ugu badnaan 10-15 tan oo badeecooyin ah.
"Xaruntayda kaydinta baradhada waxay si toos ah ugu taal dhulka, qoto dheer oo laba mitir ah, waxayna qaadi kartaa ilaa siddeed tan oo baradho ah," ayuu la wadaagay khibradiisa. Mulloidi Safarov. - Dhismaheedu uma baahna maalgashi ballaadhan, waxaana suurtogal ah in la abuuro xaalado wanaagsan oo loogu talagalay ilaalinta digriiga.
"Waxaan si guul leh ugu kaydiyaa baradhada la goostay qaybta hoose," ayuu yidhi. Dzhumabek Abdulloev. "Marka la eego qiyaasta wax-soo-saarka, bakhaarro waaweyn looma baahna, mana jirto wax macno ah oo lacag lagu kharash gareynayo abuurkooda.
Baradhada waxaa inta badan la iibiyaa iyadoo la kaashanayo dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha. Beeraha dhexdhexaadka ah iyo kuwa waaweyn, haddii la rabo, ka iibi qayb ka mid ah goosashada macaamiisha dhammaadka ah ama u gee dukaamada tafaariiqda.
"Beeralayda ma haystaan wakhti ay ku fariistaan miiska," ayuu yidhi Safarali Oripov. Dib-u-iibiyeyaasha ayaa u yimaada iyaga, waxay beerta ka soo qaataan baradho badan oo ay ku iibiyaan kanaalo iyaga u gaar ah wax badan oo dheeraad ah. Dhinaca kale, wax-soo-saarayaashu waxay lumiyaan qayb ka mid ah faa'iidadooda, dhinaca kale, waxay ka takhalusaan khataraha la socda habka kaydinta alaabta.
Xoojinta ficilka
Iyada oo taageero laga helayo maamulka Tajikistan, shaqo badan ayaa laga qabtaa jamhuuriyadda beeraha cagaaran. Habka sharci dejinta ee lagu ansixiyay heerka ugu sarreeya ayaa si cad u qeexaya jihooyinkeeda.
"Waxaan si tartiib tartiib ah uga tagaynaa kimistariga dhammaan muuqaalladeeda," ayuu yidhi Safarali Oripov. – Sidaa darteed, baaxadda isticmaalka bacriminta microbiological ee dalka ayaa sii kordhaya. Saamiga alaabada ilaalinta dhirta kiimikaad ee la isticmaalo ayaa sii yaraanaysa. Iyadoo la yareynayo suurtagalnimada cawaaqib xumada dadka iyo dabeecadda, wax-soo-saarka beeralayda ayaa ka fogaanaya beerista cagafyada iyo diyaaradaha beeraha. Hadafka ugu dambeeya ee siyaasaddan oo kale waa in la helo wax soo saar beeraley oo deegaan ahaan u wanaagsan.
"Markaan baradho beerayo, waxaan isku dayaa inaan isticmaalo bacrimiyeyaasha organic marka hore," ayuu yidhi Mulloidi Safarov. - Aniga qudhaydu waxaan diyaariyaa compost gaar ah. Iyo Bacriminta macdanta, kaliya nitroammophoska ayaa loo isticmaalaa, ka dibna tiro aad u yar.
Habkani wuxuu suurtogal ka dhigayaa in la kordhiyo bacrinta ciidda iyo wax-soo-saarka dalagga. Marka la isticmaalayo walxaha dabiiciga ah, baradhada iyo khudaarta waxay u bislaadaan 8-10 maalmood ka hor jadwalka, dhadhankooda, nolosha shelf iyo gaadiidka ayaa horumaraya..
Runtii guulo halis ah ayaa weli soo socda. Beeralayda baradhada Tajik waa inay si adag u shaqeeyaan si ay qayb-hoosaadka u gaadhsiiyaan heer cusub.
"Iyadoo heerka isticmaalka baradhada sanadlaha ah ee ku saabsan 92 kiiloogaraam qofkiiba, jamhuuriyadu waxay u baahan tahay inay soo saarto in ka badan hal milyan oo tan oo digriiga ah sannadkii," ayuu yidhi. Kurbonali Partoev, – Sidaa darteed, mustaqbalka waxa la qorsheeyey in la balaadhiyo dhulka la beeranayo oo la gaadhsiiyo 60 kun oo hektar lana kordhiyo celceliska wax-soo-saarka hektarkiiba 23-25 tan. Si loo xalliyo dhibaatooyinkan, beeralayda waxay u baahan yihiin inay xoogga saaraan soo bandhigida tignoolajiyada cusub iyo farsamooyinka beeraha ee horumarsan, la falgalaan sayniska oo ay si joogto ah uga shaqeeyaan tayada alaabtooda.
Irina Berg