E. D. Mytsa, M. A. Pobedinskaya, L. Yu. Kokaeva, S. N. Elansky
Dillaac dambe oo baradho iyo yaanyo ah, oo ay sababto noolaha u eg boqoshaada, oomycete Phytophthora infestans (Mont) de Bary, ayaa caan ku ah ku dhowaad dhammaan meelaha adduunka ee dalagyadan lagu beero Xaaladaha epiphytotic-ka, luminta wax-soo-saarka baradhada oo ka timaadda duqeynta goor dambe waxay gaari kartaa 10-30% ama in ka badan, iyo yaanyo, illaa 100% (Ivanyuk et al., 2005).
Mid ka mid ah ilaha ugu muhiimsan ee manhajka aasaasiga ah ee Ph. infestans, taasoo horseedda infekshinka dhirta, waa qaab dhismeedyo taran nasasho leh oo derbi adag leh - oospores. Oospores iskudhafan oo loo sameeyay iyada oo loo gudbayo hiddo-wadaha hidde ahaan kaladuwan ee waalidka ayaa gacan ka geysta kororka kala duwanaanta hidde-wadaha ee dadweynaha, taas oo ka dhalatay taas oo ah hannaanka la-qabsiga ee noocyada noocyada cusub iyo fungicides-ka la adeegsado ayaa la dedejinayaa. Samaynta Oospore Ph. lugaha duurka kujira ayaa laga xusay dalal badan oo adduunka ah: Ruushka (Smirnov et al., 2003), Norway (Hermansen et al., 2002), Sweden (Strцmberg et al., 2001), Netherlands (Kessel et al., 2002) iyo gobolada kale. Waxaa jira caddeyn muujineysa in qulqulka walxaha sababa ee cudurka goor dambe ay noolaan karaan in ka badan 2 sano ciidda xaalad lagu noolaan karo (Hermansen et al., 2002; Bшdker et al., 2006) waxayna sababi kartaa infekshinka dhirta ka dib markii la badiyay al., 2002).
Maanta habka ugu weyn ee loola dagaallamo duqeynta goor dambe waa ilaalinta kiimikada, oo ka kooban daweynta ku beerista diyaarinta fungicidal. Abuuritaanka oospores ayaa si xoog leh u xakameynaya kiimikooyin badan oo loo isticmaalo in laga ilaaliyo baradhada iyo yaanyada dillaaca dambe (Kessel et al., 2002; Kuznetsov, 2013). Si kastaba ha noqotee, daroogooyinka kale ayaa si ballaaran loogu isticmaalaa baradhada aan si toos ah u saameynin Ph. lama oga, iyo saameynta ay ku leeyihiin sameynta oospore lama oga. Sidaa darteed, ujeedada shaqadani waxay ahayd in la barto saamaynta ay ku yeelanayso samaysanka daroogada qaar ka mid ah daroogooyinka si ballaadhan loogu isticmaalo baradhada, laakiin aan ka diiwaangashanayn cudurka dambe.
Waxaan adeegsanay 9 Ph. duufaanno noocyo kala duwan oo isweydaarsi ah, oo naga go'doonsan caleemaha baradhada qaba ee gobollada Moscow, Leningrad, Ryazan. Si loo barto saameynta koritaanka mycelium iyo sameynta oospores, daawooyinka soo socda ayaa la isticmaalay: fungicides Maxim (fludioxonil qayb firfircoon oo ka tirsan fasalka phenylpyrroles) iyo Skor (difenoconazole, triazoles), cayayaanka loo yaqaan Aktara (thiamethoxam, neonicotinoids) iyo Tanrek (imidaclopid, , Tiyaasino). Dhammaan sunta cayayaanka waxay ka diiwaan gashan yihiin "Catalog State of Pesticides and Agrochemicals" sanadka 2014. Si loo barto saamaynta sunta cayayaanka ee koritaanka gumeysiga oomycete, culeys kasta waxaa lagu tallaalay agar block ah oo ku yaal bartamaha saxanka Petri oo leh dhexdhexaad cufan. Daawada cayayaanka ee tijaabada ah ayaa si hordhac ah loogu daray dhexdhexaadinta isku-uruurinta 0.1, 1.0, 10.0, iyo 100.0 mg / L (marka la eego walxaha firfircoon - DV). Xakameyn ahaan, waxaan isticmaalnay dhexdhexaad aan ku darin sunta cayayaanka. Talaalka waxaa lagu soo rogay 18 ° C 12-15 maalmood ilaa dhexroorka gumeysiga ee xakamaynta sunta cayayaanka aan laga helin uu ahaa 70-80% dhexroor saxanka Petri, ka dib dhexroorka gumeysiga waxaa lagu cabiray xakamaynta iyo noocyada tijaabada ah.
Tijaabooyinka waxaa lagu qaaday 3 nuqul. Daraasada sameynta oospores waxaa lagu sameeyay agar oat medium (30 ml oo ku jirta saxanka Petri) iyadoo lagu daray fungicide isku uruurinta 0.1, 1.0, 10.0, iyo 100.0 mg / L iyo mid dhexdhexaad ah oo aan lahayn fungicide (xakameyn). Tan awgeed, agar blocks oo leh nooca isugeynta A1 iyo A2 go'doominta ayaa labo labo loo saaray dusha sare ee nafaqada dhexdhexaad fogaan ah 5 cm midba midka kale. Tallaalka waxaa lagu soo ururiyey heerka ugu wanaagsan ee koritaanka. Infestans-ka heer kulkiisu yahay 18 ° C muddo 20 maalmood ah. Beerista ka dib, dhexdhexaad nafaqada leh kudka ayaa dib loo soo mariyay qas a 30 ml oo biyo ah, iyo u diyaar garowga microscopy ayaa laga diyaariyay ganaaxa ka dhashay. Nooc kasta oo ka mid ah, 180 goobood oo aragti ah ayaa la baaray (3 nuqul, 60 aragti aragti). Ka dib uruurinta oospores ayaa dib loo xisaabiyay (pcs / μl of medium).
Saamaynta sunta cayayaanka ee koritaanka gumeysiga shucaaca. Difenoconazole, thiamethoxam, iyo imidacloprid wax saameyn ah oo xagga tirakoobka ah kuma lahan koritaanka shucaaca ee Ph. ciyaal infestans (Shaxda 1). The metribuzin ee loo yaqaan 'herbicide metribuzin' wuxuu sababay dib udhac yar oo koritaan ah muddadii bilowga ahayd (5-7 maalmood ee koritaanka); sikastaba, maalinta 10aad, dhexroorlada deegaannadu waxay noqdeen isku cabir. Fludioxonil tirakoob ahaan si weyn ayaa loo joojiyay horumarka Ph. Calool adeygyada dhexdhexaadka ah ee ka badan 10 mg / l.
Jadwalka 1
Saamaynta sunta cayayaanka ee koritaanka shucaaca ee deegaanada Infakshanka Phytophthora
Fungicide-DV (daroogada) | Dhexdhexaadinta gumeysiga ee uruurinta kala duwan (mg / L) DW dhexdhexaadka, mm | ||||
0.0 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 10.0 | 100.0 | |
Thiamethoxam (Daawada Aktara) | 82 ± 6 | 81 ± 7 (99%) | 82 ± 6 (100%) | 81 ± 6 (99%) | - |
Imidacloprid (Tanrek) | 792 ± 6 | - | 76 ± 9 (96%) | 77 ± 8 (97%) | 76 ± 5 (96%) |
Fludioxonil (Maxim) | 82 ± 6 | - | 74 ± 12 (90%) | 56 ± 10 (68%) | 46 ± 3 (56%) |
Metribuzin (Zenkor) | 88 ± 12 | - | 85 ± 12 (97%) | 86 ± 9 (98%) | 80 ± 5 (91%) |
Difenoconazole (Nabar) | 82 ± 7 | - | 76 ± 9 (93%) | 84 ± 4 (102%) | 81 ± 6 (99%) |
Fiiro gaar ah. Calaamadda “±” waxaa ku xigta kalsoonida u dhexeysa heerka ahmiyadda weyn leh ee 0.05. Qiimayaasha qawska waxay muujinayaan saamiga dhexroorka gumeysiga ee noocyada tijaabada ah ee ku jira kontoroolka oo aan lahayn sunta cayayaanka. Calaamadda “-” waxay ka dhigan tahay cilmi baaris lama sameyn.
Jadwalka 2
Saamaynta sunta cayayaanka ee samaynta oospores Infakshanka Phytophthora in agar dhexdhexaad ah
Fungicide-DV (daroogada) | Tirada oospores ee dhexdhexaadka ah ee uruurinta kaladuwan (mg / l) DV, kumbiyuutarada / μl | ||||
0.0 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 10.0 | 100.0 | |
Thiamethoxam (Daawada Aktara) | 79.6 ± 3.6 | 79.8 ± 3.8 (100%) | 79.1 ± 3.9 (100%) | 71.4 ± 3.7 (90%) | - |
Imidacloprid (Tanrek) | 79.6 ± 3.6 | - | 70.0 ± 3.4 (88%) | 66.0 ± 3.1 (83%) | 35.8 ± 2.8 (45%) |
Fludioxonil (Maxim) | 112.7 ± 6.9 | - | 98.4 ± 8.6 (87%) | 73.6 ± 5.4 (65%) | 42.3 ± 3.7 (36%) |
Metribuzin (Zenkor) | 135.0 ± 9.5 | - | 103.0 ± 9.8 (70%) | 118.2 ± 9.3 (88%) | 74.8 ± 8.1 (55%) |
Difenoconazole (Nabar) | 79.6 ± 3.6 | 72.5 ± 3.6 (91%) | 82.2 ± 3.7 (103%) | 54.9 ± 2.8 (69%) | 35.8 ± 2.3 (45%) |
Daraasada saameynta sunta cayayaanka ee sameynta oospores Ph. cayayaanka dhexdhexaadka nafaqada leh. Waxaa la ogaaday in hoos u dhac weyn oo xagga tirakoobka ah ee loo yaqaan 'oospores' ee uruurinta qaarkood ay sababeen dhammaan daawooyinka la baaray (Sanduuqa 2). Isku soo wada duuboo walaxda firfircoon ee ah 1.0 mg / l, dhammaan sunta cayayaanka, marka laga reebo u diyaargarowga Aktara iyo Skor, waxay horseedday hoos u dhac muuqda oo ku yimid tirada oospores sameysmay (12-24% marka la barbar dhigo xakamaynta). Kordhin dheeri ah oo ku saabsan uruurinta walxaha firfircoon ee dhexdhexaadka ah ayaa horseeday kororka saameynta xannibaadda. Diyaargarowga ku saleysan thiamethoxam iyo difenoconazole waxay sababeen hoos u dhac tirakoob weyn ku yimid tirada oospores markii uruurinta walaxda firfircoon ee dhexdhexaadka ah ay ka badneyd 10 mg / l.
Dood iyo gabagabo. Daraasada ku saabsan saameynta sunta cayayaanka ee aan ka diiwaan gashanayn baradhada goor dambe ee koritaanka radial ee mycelium waxay muujisay, sidii la filayay, ka hortagga koritaanka daciifka ah (fludioxonil) ama wax saameyn ah kuma yeelan koritaanka (sunta kale ee la baaro)
Jadwalka 3. Ku urursanaanta walxaha firfircoon ee dheecaanka shaqeeya
Diyaarinta (fungicide-DV) | Waxaa loo adeegsaday shaqada isku-uruurinta DV ee nafaqada dhexdhexaadka ah, mg / l | Ku urursiga DW ee dareeraha shaqeeya inta lagu gudajiro baradhada, mg / l |
---|---|---|
Aktara (thiamethoxam) | 0.1, 1, 10 | 37-75 * |
Tanrek (imidacloprid) | 1, 10, 100 | 50-100 |
Maxim (fludioxonil) | 1, 10, 100 | 1000 |
Zenkor (metribuzin) | 1, 10, 100 | 1630-4900 |
Nabaro (difenoconazole) | 0.1, 1, 10, 100 | 188-625 |
* Qiyamka waxaa lagu soo bandhigey iyadoo la raacayo "buugga dawooyinka ee dawooyinka cayayaanka lagu buufiyo iyo agrochemicals" ee sanadka 2014.
Dhammaan dawooyinka cayayaanka lagu barto waxay keeneen hoos u dhac ku yimaada sameynta oospores ee dhexdhexaadka nafaqada. Xaddiga la tijaabiyey ee sunta cayayaanka ee dhexdhexaadka ah ayaa ka hooseeyay ama qiyaastii u dhiganta (imidacloprid) iyo uruurinta la oggol yahay ee dareeraha shaqeeya (Sanduuqa 3). Tijaabooyinkayagii, xakamaynta samaysanka oospores-ka ayaa sii xoogeystay markii qiyaasta daawadu korodhay, taas oo soo jeedinaysa kororka saameynta marka lala xiriiro dheecaan shaqeynaya oo xoog leh. Difenoconazole wuxuu sababay hoos u dhac weyn oo ku yimid isku soo ururinta oospores ma aha oo kaliya tijaabooyinka la xiriira nafaqada, laakiin sidoo kale tijaabooyinka ku saabsan caleemaha baradhada la jaray oo la geliyay dareeraha ay ku jirto sunta sunta. Sidaa darteed, noocyada kala duwan ee Vectar Belorussian, 32 oospores halkii 1 mm2 ee aagga caleenta ayaa lagu arkay xakamaynta, marka la fiirinayo difenoconazole ee biyaha 10 mg / l - 24, iyo 100 mg / l - 12 oospores / mm2. Farqiga udhaxeeya oospores ee 100 mg / l ee fungicide iyo xakamaynta waa mid tirakoob ahaan muhiim ah (Elansky, Mytsa, lama daabicin).
Sunta cayayaanka waxay saameyn ku yeelan kartaa habab kala duwan oo ku dhaca unugyada fungal. Suugaanta, waan awoodi kari waynay inaan helno macluumaad ilaa xad qeexaya saameynta ay ku yeelan karto daawooyinka la darsay sameynta oospores. Aynu isku dayno inaan ka fikirno xoogaa ficil ah oo ku saabsan ficil-celinta 'difenoconazole'. Farsamaynta ficilkeeda fungicidal waa ka hortagga enzyme-ka C14-dimethylase, oo door muhiim ah ka ciyaara sterol biosynthesis. Sterols waxaa soosaara fangaska, dhirta iyo noolaha kale waana qeyb kamid ah xuubka unugyadooda. Oomycetes of genus Phytophthora, maqnaanshaha sterols, waxay awood u leeyihiin oo keliya koritaanka dhirta; sameynta oospores gebi ahaanba waa la xakameynayaa (Elliott et al., 1966).
Oomycetes awood uma lahan inay kalidalka iskudhiso sterol; waxay xubnahooda ku daraan sterol-yada laga helo warshadda martida loo yahay, waxna laga beddelo. Tijaabadayada, waxaan u isticmaalnay oat agar dhexdhexaad ah oo hodan ku ah â-sitosterol iyo isofucosterol (Knights, 1965), ie, walxaha kiciya sameynta oospores. Waa suurtagal in difenoconazole uu joojiyo shaqada enzymes-ka ku lug leh wax ka beddelka ama adeegsiga xeryahooda sterol ee laga helo dhirta. Tani waxay, markaa, yarayn kartaa xoojinta samaynta oospore.
Isugeynta hoose, sida lagu muujiyey shaqadeenna, difenoconazole waxay ku yeelatay saameyn kicitaan daciif ah koritaanka mycelium iyo sameynta oospores.
Xakamaynta sameynta oospores ee dhexdhexaadka nafaqada waxaa horey loogu muujiyey u diyaargarowga antiphytophthora fungicidal. Sidaa darteed, shaqada Kessel et al. (2002) wuxuu baaray in kabadan 10 dawooyinka ganacsiga antiphitofluoroids. Fluazinam, dimethomorph, iyo cymoxanil oo ah uruurin aan halis ahayn ayaa gabi ahaanba cabudhisay samaysanka oospores ee agar dhexdhexaad; metalaxil, maneb iyo propamocarb waxay muujiyeen waxqabad dhexdhexaad ah; mancozeb iyo chlorothalonil wax saameyn ah kuma lahan sameynta oospore. Shaqada SA. Kuznetsov (Kuznetsov, 2013), ka hortagga oospore sameynta ee nafaqada dhexdhexaad ah by uruurinta aan-dilaa ah ee metalaxyl ayaa la muujiyay.
Tijaabooyinkeennu waxay muujiyeen in u diyaargarowga sunta cayayaanka ee loo isticmaalo baradhada, taas oo xitaa aan saameyn toos ah ku yeelanayn koritaanka cudurka goor dambe ee cudurka, ayaa cabudhisay samaysanka oospores. Sidaa awgeed, ilaalinta kiimikada ee sida saxda ah loo fuliyay ee baradhada iyadoo la adeegsanayo fangas, sunta cayayaanka iyo doogga ayaa yaraynaya suuraggalnimada samaynta oospores ee caleemaha dhirta.
Shaqadan waxaa taageeray Aasaaska Sayniska Ruushka (mashruuca tirsigiisu yahay 14-50-00029).
Maqaalka waxaa lagu daabacay joornaalka "Mycology and Phytopathology" (Volume 50, Issue 1, 2016).