Sergey Elansky
Mid ka mid ah cudurrada ugu khatarta badan ee baradhada iyo yaanyada waa nabarrada daaha ee uu keeno oomycete. Infakshanka Phytophthora (Mont.) De Bary. Phytopathogen-kan waa mid aad u dhib badan, sababtoo ah Marka la eego xaaladaha cimilada ku habboon, waxay awood u leedahay inay si ballaaran u horumariso oo ay keento khasaare badan oo wax soo saar leh, iyo sidoo kale kala duwanaansho xooggan, taas oo u oggolaanaysa inay si dhakhso ah uga gudubto caabbinta noocyada iyo saameynta sunta ah ee diyaargarowga fungicidal. Ilaa hadda, ma jiraan noocyo baradho iyo yaanyo ah oo si buuxda u adkaysta cudurradan.
Xulashada kaliya ee looga hortagayo caabuqa soo daaha waa isticmaalka kiimikooyinka ilaalinta dhirta. Epiphytosis ee caabuqa daahsoon waxaa bilaaba inoculum aasaasiga ah. Yurub dhexdeeda, caabuq ku soo galay ciidda oo leh digriiga abuur buka, kaas oo ka batay ciidda, oospores (qaab-dhismeedyada taranka ee dhumucda leh. P. infestans), iyo sidoo kale zoosporangia oo ay dabayshu ka keentay geedo ka soo baxa digriiga overwintered ee beerihii sanadkii hore ("dhirta iskaa wax u qabso"), ama tuulooyin digriiga la tuuray marka la kaydinayo. Kuwaas oo ka mid ah, dhirta ku koray tuulmooyin digriiga la tuuray ayaa loo arkaa isha ugu khatarta badan ee caabuqa. Halkaa tirada digriiga ka soo baxday badanaa waa muhiim, zoosporangia waxaa laga qaadi karaa masaafo dheer. Inta kale ee ilaha (oospores, dhirta "volunteer") maaha mid khatar ah, sababtoo ah caado ma aha in lagu beero dhirta isla beero isku mid ah in ka badan hal mar 3-4tii sanaba mar. Caabuqa ka yimaada digriiga abuurka buka ayaa sidoo kale ah mid aad u yar sababtoo ah nidaamka xakamaynta abuurka wanaagsan.
Guud ahaan, qadarka inoculum aasaasiga ah ee dadka reer Yurub waa mid xadidan, sidaas darteed korriinka cudurku waa mid gaabis ah waxaana si guul leh loo xakameyn karaa iyadoo la adeegsanayo diyaarinta kiimikada fungicidal.
Ruushka, xaaladdu aad bay uga duwan tahay. Inta badan dalagga baradhada iyo yaanyada waxaa lagu beeraa jardiinooyin yaryar oo gaar loo leeyahay; Tallaabooyinka ilaalinta laguma fuliyo dhammaantood, ama daawaynta fungicidal ayaa lagu fuliyaa tiro aan ku filnayn oo la bilaabo ka dib marka ay soo baxdo nabarka dambe ee dusha sare. Natiijo ahaan, beeraha khudaarta gaarka loo leeyahay waxay u dhaqmaan sida isha ugu weyn ee caabuqa, kaas oo zoosporangia ay dabayshu u qaado beero ganacsi. Tan waxaa lagu xaqiijiyay indha-indheynta tooska ah ee gobollada Moscow, Bryansk, Kostroma, Ryazan: waxyeellada dhirta ee jardiinooyinka gaarka ah ayaa la arkay ka hor inta aan la bilaabin daaweynta fungicides ee beeritaanka ganacsiga. Ka dib, faafitaanka fayraska ee beeraha waaweyn waxaa lagu xakameynayaa isticmaalka diyaargarowga fungicidal, halka jardiinooyinka gaarka loo leeyahay ay jiraan horumar degdeg ah oo soo daahay.
Marka laga hadlayo daaweynta aan habboonayn ama "miisaaniyadda hoose" ee beeritaanka ganacsiga, foci of blight ayaa ka muuqda beeraha; mustaqbalka si firfircoon ayay u horumarayaan, iyagoo qabsanaya meelo waaweyn.
Caabuqa jardiinooyinka gaarka loo leeyahay ayaa saameyn weyn ku leh cudurrada faafa ee goobaha ganacsiga. Dhammaan gobollada baradhada-koraya ee Ruushka, aagga ay ku jiraan baradhada ee jardiinooyinka gaarka ah ayaa dhowr jeer ka weyn wadarta guud ee beeraha ururada waaweyn ee wax soo saarka. Deegaankan oo kale, jardiinooyinka khudaarta gaarka loo leeyahay waxa loo arki karaa inay yihiin agabka inoculum-ka caalamiga ah ee goobaha ganacsiga.
Aan isku dayno inaan aqoonsanno guryaha sifada P. infestans ee dadka ku nool jardiinooyinka gaarka ah. Beeritaanka abuurka iyo karantiil karantiil ee baradhada bakhaar, miraha yaanyada laga helay soo saarayaasha ajnabiga ah ee shakisan, beerashada muddada dheer ee baradhada iyo yaanyada isla aagagga isku midka ah, daawaynta fungicides-ka aan habboonayn ama maqnaanshahooda dhammaystiran waxay keenaysaa epiphytoties daran qaybta gaarka loo leeyahay, natiijada Kaas oo ah isgoys bilaash ah, isku-dhafka iyo samaynta oospore ee jardiinooyinka gaarka ah. Natiijo ahaan, kala duwanaansho genotypic ah oo aad u sarreeya ayaa la arkaa, marka ku dhowaad nooc kasta oo ka mid ah uu yahay mid gaar ah genotype (Elansky et al., 2001), iyo qaybinta genotypes ee dadku waxay ku qanacsan yihiin saamiga Hardy-Weinberg (Amatkhanova et al., 2004) ), kaas oo ka marag kacaya in dadku si xor ah uga gudbaan. Oospores ayaa si firfircoon uga dhex abuurmay xubnaha dhirta ee saameeya (Smirnov, Elansky 1999). Beeridda baradhada abuurka ee asalka hidde-sidaha kala duwan waxay ka dhigaysaa wax aan macquul ahayn in khadadka clonal ee ku takhasusay inay weeraraan noocyo gaar ah ay soo baxaan. Noocyada lagu xushay kiis noocan oo kale ah waxaa lagu kala soocaa kala duwanaanshahooda marka loo eego noocyada ay saameeyeen; intooda badan waxay leeyihiin ku dhawaad tirada ugu badan ee hiddo-wadaha fayraska (Amatkhanova et al., 2004; Shein et al., 2009). Tani waxay aad uga duwan tahay nidaamka "xadadka clonal" ee caadiga ah ee beeraha waaweyn ee ganacsiga beeraha oo leh nidaam habboon oo lagu rakibay oo ka hortagaya nabarrada dambe. "Xidhiyeyaasha Clonal" (marka dhammaan noocyada cudurada faafa ee goor dambe ee duurka ay ka muuqdaan hal ama dhowr genotypes) waxay ku baahsan yihiin wadamada ay ka baxaan baradhada si gaar ah beeraha waaweyn: USA, Netherlands, Denmark, iwm. (Goodwin). et al., 1994, Dyakov, Elansky, 2007, Cooke et al., 2006). Dhammaadkii qarnigii 20-aad, "khadadka clonal" waxay ku baahdeen qaybaha Aasiya iyo Bariga Fog ee Ruushka (Elansky et al., 2001), taas oo sida muuqata ay sabab u tahay isticmaalka noocyo isku mid ah oo baradho ah oo gaar ah beeritaanka. Dhawaan, xaaladda gobolladaas waxay sidoo kale bilaabeen inay isu beddelaan kororka kala duwanaanshaha hidde-raaca ee dadweynaha (S.N. Elansky, xogta aan la daabicin).
Maqnaanshaha daawaynta degdega ah ee diyaarinta fungicidal waxay leedahay natiijo kale oo toos ah - ma jiraan wax ururin ah oo adkaysi u leh jardiinooyinka. Runtii, natiijooyinkayagu waxay muujinayaan in noocyada u adkaysta metalaxyl ay aad ugu yar tahay in lagu ogaado jardiinooyinka gaarka loo leeyahay marka loo eego beerashada ganacsiga (Elansky et al., 2007).
Beeritaanka baradhada iyo yaanyada ee u dhow ee jardiinooyinka ayaa sahlaya guuritaanka noocyada kala duwan ee u dhexeeya dalagyadan, taas oo keentay, tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay, oo ka mid ah noocyada ka go'an baradhada, saamiga kuwa sidata hidda-socodka ee caabbinta noocyada cherry yaanyo T1, oo hore loogu sifeeyay oo kaliya noocyada "tomati", ayaa kordhay. Noocyada leh hiddo-wadaha T1 ayaa inta badan xaaladaha aad ugu kacsan baradhada iyo yaanyada.
Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, nabarrada dambe ee yaanyada ayaa bilaabay inay soo baxaan xaalado badan oo hore marka loo eego baradhada. Geedo yaanyo ah waxa lagu daaran karaa oospores ciidda ku jira ama oospores ku jira iniinaha yaanyada ama ku dheggan (Rubin et al., 2001). Tan iyo dhamaadkii qarnigii 20-aad, tiro badan oo miraha baakadaysan oo jaban, inta badan la soo dhoofiyo, ayaa ka soo muuqday dukaamada, isticmaalka kuwaas oo inta badan soo saarayaasha yaryar ay beddeleen. Iniinuhu waxay keeni karaan noocyo leh genotypes-ka caadiga ah ee gobollada beerashadooda. Mustaqbalka, genotypes-yadani waxay ku jiraan habka galmada ee jardiinooyinka gaarka ah, taas oo horseedaysa soo bixitaanka genotypes cusub.
Sidaa darteed, jardiinooyinka gaarka loo leeyahay waa "dhari dhalaalaysa" caalami ah, taas oo, natiijada beddelka walxaha hiddaha, genotypes hadda jira ayaa la warshadeeyaa oo gebi ahaanba cusub ayaa soo muuqda. Isla mar ahaantaana, doorashadooda waxay ku dhacdaa xaalado aad uga duwan kuwa loo abuuray baradhada ee beeraha waaweyn: maqnaanshaha saxaafadda fungicidal, lebbiska kala duwan ee beeritaanka, badiyaa dhirta ay saameeyeen noocyada kala duwan ee caabuqa fayras iyo bakteeriyada, u dhawaanshaha. ilaa yaanyada iyo cawska duurjoogta ah, isgoysyada firfircoon iyo samaynta oospore, suurtogalnimada in oospores ay keenaan dib u soo noqoshada cudurka sanadka soo socda. Waxaas oo dhami waxay keenaysaa kala duwanaanshiyaha genotypic oo aad u sarreeya ee dadyowga daarada dambe. Xaaladaha epiphytotics ee jardiinooyinka khudradda, nabarrada goor dambe ayaa si degdeg ah u fida oo tiro aad u badan oo xabo ah ayaa la sii daayaa, kuwaas oo u duulaya beero ganacsi oo dhow. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, isagoo soo galay beeraha ganacsiga nidaamka saxda ah ee tignoolajiyada beeraha iyo ilaalinta, kudka ku duulay ayaa ficil ahaan awoodin inay bilaabaan faafitaan ba'an oo duurka ah, taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay la'aanta khadadka clonal ee u adkaysta 10 fungicides oo ku takhasusay kala duwan ee la beeray.
Ilaha kale ee inoculum aasaasiga ah ayaa laga yaabaa inay tahay digriiga buka ee ku xayiran geedo ganacsi. Digriigan waxaa lagu koray, sida caadiga ah, beeraha leh tignoolajiyada beeraha wanaagsan iyo ilaalinta kiimikada degdega ah. Noocyada genotypes ee go'doominta saameeya digriiga waxay ku habboon yihiin horumarinta noocyadooda kala duwan. Noocyadan ayaa si aad ah uga khatarsan beerista ganacsiga marka la barbardhigo inoculum oo ka soo jeeda jardiinooyin gaar ah. Malahan waxaa sidoo kale taageeray natiijooyinka cilmi-baaristeenna. Dadka ka go'doonsan beeraha waaweyn ee leh ilaalinta kiimikada si habboon loo sameeyay iyo tignoolajiyada beeraha ee wanaagsan kuma kala duwana kala duwanaanshaha genotypic sare. Badanaa kuwani waa dhowr xariiq oo clonal ah oo lagu garto gardarro badan iyo badnaanta noocyada u adkaysta fungicides.
Dhibaatooyinka ka imanaya walxaha ganacsiga ayaa geli kara dadyowga ku jira beero khudradda ah waxayna ku lug yeelan karaan geeddi-socodka ka socda iyaga. Si kastaba ha noqotee, beerta khudradda, tartankooda ayaa aad uga hooseeya kan ganacsiga, mar dhowna way joogsan doonaan jiritaanka qaab khad cnal ah, laakiin hidde-sideyaashooda ayaa loo isticmaali karaa dadka "beerta".
Infekshanka ka soo baxa dhirta "volunteers" iyo tuubooyinka digriiga la jarjaray inta lagu jiro goosashada maaha mid ku habboon Ruushka, sababtoo ah Gobollada ugu weyn ee baradhada-koritaanka ee Ruushka, ciidda jiilaalka qoto dheer ayaa lagu arkay, iyo dhirta digriiga ah ee ka batay ciidda si dhif ah u koraan.
Waxaa intaa dheer, sida tijaabooyinkeena ay muujinayaan, cudur-sidaha goor dambe, sida caadiga ah, kuma noolaado heerkulka xun, xitaa digriiga kuwaas oo sii waday awooddooda. Aagga oomanaha ah, halkaas oo beerashada baradhada hore lagu dhaqmo, cudurka goor dambe aad ayuu dhif u yahay sababtoo ah xilliga koritaanka qalalan iyo kulul.
Marka, waxaan hadda ku guda jirnaa u kuurgalidda kala-soocidda tirada dadka ku dhaca P. ee ku nool "berrin" iyo "beero". Si kastaba ha noqotee, sanadihii la soo dhaafay, geeddi-socodyada ayaa la arkay taasoo horseedaysa isku-xirnaanta iyo dhexgalka genotypes ee dadkan.
Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah, mid ayaa xusi kara kororka guud ee akhriska iyo qoraalka ee soo saarayaasha yaryar, soo ifbaxa xirmooyinka yaryar ee la awoodi karo ee baradhada abuurka, faafitaanka u diyaargarowga fungicidal ee baakadaha yaryar, iyo luminta cabsida "kiimikada" ee dadweynaha.
Xaaladuhu waxay soo baxaan marka, iyada oo ay ugu wacan tahay waxqabadka xoogga leh ee hal alaab-qeybiye, dhammaan tuulooyinka waxaa lagu beeray tubers abuurka oo isku mid ah waxaana lagu bixiyaa baakado yaryar oo isku mid ah sunta cayayaanka. Waxaa loo qaadan karaa in baradho isku nooc ah laga heli doono beero ganacsi oo dhow.
Dhanka kale, qaar ka mid ah shirkadaha ka ganacsada sunta cayayaanka ayaa kor u qaadaya "miisaaniyadda" nidaamyada daaweynta kiimikada. Xaaladdan oo kale, tirada daawaynta waa la dhimay iyo fungicides ugu jaban ayaa la bixiyaa, iyo xoogga saaraya ma aha in laga hortago horumarinta finan soo daahay ilaa goynta dushooda, laakiin on dib u dhac gaar ah in epiphytoty si loo kordhiyo dhalidda. Nidaamyada noocan oo kale ah ayaa dhaqaale ahaan xaq u leh marka ay koraan baradhada bakhaar ee alaabta abuurka-hooseeya, marka mabda'a aysan jirin su'aal ah helitaanka wax-soo-saarka sare. Si kastaba ha noqotee, kiiskan, marka la barbardhigo dadka beerta, asalka hidde-sidaha baradho ayaa u oggolaanaya xulashada jinsiyadaha jireed ee gaarka ah ee phytopathogens, kuwaas oo khatar u ah noocyadan kala duwan.
U janjeera dhinaca isku-xidhka hababka "beerta" iyo "beerta" ee wax-soo-saarka baradhada ayaa inooga muuqata khatar. Si looga hortago cawaaqibkooda xun, labadaba qoyska iyo ganacsiga labadaba, waxay noqon doontaa lagama maarmaan labadaba si loo xakameeyo noocyada kala duwan ee baradhada abuurka iyo noocyada fungicides ee loogu talagalay milkiilayaasha gaarka ah ee baakadaha yaryar, iyo si ay ula socdaan nidaamyada ilaalinta baradhada iyo isticmaalka diyaarinta fungicidal ee qaybta ganacsiga.
Sababtoo ah horumarinta daciifka ah ee wax soo saarka abuurka ee Ruushka, tiro badan oo baradho ah ayaa laga soo dhoofiyaa dibadda. Waxa barbar socda, noocyo cusub oo cudur-faritaan ah oo suurtogal ah oo u adkaysta fungicides, oo ay ku jiraan. xanuun daahay.
Ruushka, barkadooda hiddo-wadaha ayaa ku lug yeelan doona habka dabiiciga ah ee xulashada genotypes cusub oo la waafajiyay xaaladdeena iyo guuldarada noocyada lagu beeray Ruushka.
Meelaha ganacsiga gaarka loo leeyahay, waxaa ka jira horumar deg deg ah oo aan ku ekaan oo keliya goor dambe, laakiin sidoo kale Alternaria. Inta badan milkiileyaasha qorshooyinka gaarka loo leeyahay ma qaadaan talaabooyin gaar ah oo ay kaga hortagayaan Alternaria, iyaga oo ku qaldaya horumarka Alternaria waxyeellada dabiiciga ah ee dushooda ama horumarka duqowga soo daahay. Sidaa darteed, horumarka ballaaran ee 'Alternaria' ee noocyada nugul ee u nugul, qorshayaasha guryuhu waxay u adeegi karaan inay noqdaan isha tallaalka beerashada ganacsiga.
Shaqadan waxaa lagu fuliyay taageero qayb ka mid ah Foundation Science Science Ruush (mashruuca N 14-50-00029).
Maqaalka waxaa lagu daabacay joornaalka "Ilaalinta Baradhada" (No. 1, 2015)