Maria Erokhova, cilmi baare junior Machadka Cilmi-baarista ee Ruushka oo dhan ee Phytopathology, e-mail: maria.erokhova@gmail.com
Maria Kuznetsova, Madaxa Waaxda Cudurada Baradhada iyo Khudaarta ee Machadka Cilmi-baarista Ruushka oo dhan ee Phytopathology, Musharaxa Sayniska Nafleyda
Xaaladaha xoojinta beeraha iyo ganacsiga caalamiga ah ee qaabka WTO, stem nematodes ee cirifka Ditylenchus (D. halaag, D. dipsac) waxaa loo aqoonsan yahay mid ka mid ah cayayaanka ugu khatarta badan ee ku dhaca dalagga. Wadamo badan D. halaag и D. dipsac waxay heleen heerka cayayaanka la xakameeyey: Xiriirka Ruushka iyo Midowga Yurub, waxay leeyihiin heerka cayayaanka aan karantiil ahayn (RNQPs) ee baradhada abuurka [19, 18]. Iyadoo la raacayo xeerarka caalamiga ah, joogitaanka heerka RNQP wuxuu u oggolaanayaa heerarka heerarka kala duwan si loo dhiso dulqaad (xaddidaad ka sarreeya oo joogitaanka cayayaanka la siiyay ee baradho fara badan oo abuur ah lama oggola). Tusaale ahaan, marka loo eego shuruudaha heerka qaran ee Scotland, dulqaadka eber waa la dejiyay D. halaag dhammaan qaybaha baradhada aasaasiga ah ee ka horreeya iyo kuwa aasaasiga ah ee la siman cayayaan karantiil badan [11] sababtoo ah gobolka ayaa maqaamkiisa gobol heer sare ah u leh beerista iyo iibinta baradhada shinni ee hore iyo kuwa aasaasiga ah oo shaqeeya. ilaa heerar ka adag intii uu qoray EU.
Miisaanka qaybinta nematodes phytopathogenic ee genus Ditylenchus wadamada leh heerarka kala duwan ee horumarinta baradhada, dabcan, way kala duwan yihiin. Wadamada qaarkood, nematodes stem waxay ku dhacaan tiro yar, kuwa kale, qayb ahaan sababtoo ah monoculture, isticmaalka abuurka wasakhaysan iyo wax beerista, waa dhibaato halis ah. Haddaba, iyada oo la raacayo xogta EPPO Global Database, oo laga helay daabacaadaha sayniska ee qorayaasha Soofiyeedka [15, 21, 12, 22, 23, 16] iyo Xarunta Caalamiga ah ee Sayniska Beeraha iyo Sayniska ee Dawladaha xubinta ka ah Dawlada Dhexe ee Boqortooyada Ingiriiska (CABI), waagii USSR ee dhulka Federaalka Ruushka D. halaag lahaa xaaladda cayayaan baahsan [18]. Ilaa hadda, xaaladdu ismay beddelin [7]. Gudaha UK, sida uu qabo NPPO, heerka D. dumiye - "hadda, oo ku jira tiro yar (wax yar oo la ogaaday)" [5]. Ku saabsan D. dipsac, ka dibna sida laga soo xigtay xogta laga helay ilo isku mid ah, waxay ku dhacdaa Ruushka, laakiin waxaa jira macluumaad yar oo ku saabsan, UK, liddi ku ah, waa meel walba [18].
Marka loo eego EPPO Global Database D. dumiye waa polyphage ballaaran: warshadda ugu weyn ee martida loo yahay waa baradho (Solanum tuberosum)Intaa waxaa dheer, cayayaanka ayaa waxyeello weyn u geysta toonta (Allium sativum), beetroot (beta vulgaris), abuur karooto (daucus carota hoosaad. sativus), codonopsis timo yar (Codonopsis pilosula), crocus (Crocus), dahlia (Dahlia, gladiolus (gladiolus), hyacinth (Hyacinthus, Iris Dutch (Iris × hollandica), tigridia daa'uusTigridia pavonia), dhir (trifolium), tulip (Tulipa [sideed iyo toban]. Marka loo eego CABI, baaxadda dhirta martida loo yahay ee ay saamaysay D. dumiye xitaa ka sii ballaaran: basasha (Allium cepa), lawska dhulka hoostiisaarachis hypogaea), dabocase sonkorta (beta vulgaris Waxaa. saccharifera), shaah (camellia sinensis), basbaaska macaan (Capsicum annum), beerta chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium), qaraha caadiga ah (Citrullis lanatus), Orange (Citrus sinensis), qaraha (melo qajaar), qajaarka caadiga ah (Cucumis sativus), lawska bocorka (Cucurbita moschata), strawberry beerta (Fragaria anasa), digirta (Glycina maxhop caadi ah (humulus lupulus), baradho macaan (Ipomoea baradhada macaan), reexaanta (reexaantaginseng (Panax ginsengginseng pentaphyllum (Panax quinquefolius), yaanyo (Solanum lycopersicum), eggplant (Solanum melongena), sarreen jilicsan (Triticum aestuumcanabka la beeray (Vitis vinifera)galley (Zaka mays)[afar iyo toban]. Ka sokow, D. dumiye waxay ku dhacdaa haramaha: faashad cad (Albumka Chenopodium), wareeg buuxa (Wareega cypressDope caadi ah (Datura stramonium), cawska goose (Eleusine index), cawska fadhiga (Elymus wuu soo celiyay, qiiqa daawada (fumaria officinalis), madow madow (Solanum nigrum)Yamaaruggii beerta (Sonchus arvensismarigolds yar yar (Daqiiqado Tagetes)loo yaqaan 'dandelion officinalis'Taraxacum officinaleCocklebur caadiga ah (Xanthium strumarium) [mid]. Waxaa la xusay in tirada dhirta martida loo yahay la ballaarin karo marka macluumaad dheeraad ah la helo [18].
Marka loo eego EPPO Global Database, tirada dhirta martida loo yahayD. dipsaci sidoo kale waa mid aad u weyn [18]. Sababtan awgeed, wareegga khudradda ayaa laga yaabaa inaanay waxtar u lahayn dhimista dadka nematode.
Iyada oo ku saleysan morphological, biochemical, molecular iyo daraasado kale D. dipsaci sl oo loo qaybiyey dhawr kooxood [6]: dhaqaale ahaan muhiimad gaar ah leh oo ay ka mid yihiin D. dipsaci sensu stricto и D. gigas n. sp. (kan dambe waxaa laga helaa bobs caadi ahvicia bean) waddamo badan oo Yurub ah) [17]. Waxaa la xusay in kiiska joogitaanka jinsiyadaha aadka u gaarka ah D. dipsaci Wareega dalagga saddexda sano ah oo leh dalagyo adkaysi leh ayaa yarayn kara tiradooda, waase haddii tillaabooyin waqtiyeysan la qaado si loola dagaallamo haramaha kuwaas oo ah dhirta martida loo yahay ee beddelka ah [10].
Beera nematodes ee genus Ditylenchus waa noole waxyeello u leh dhirta, oo lagu kala qaado digriiga abuurka iyo nalalka dalagyada beeraha [14]. Isha caabuqu waa ciid wasakhaysan, weel alwaax ah, iyo alaabta baakadaha [14]. Fogaan gaaban, cayayaanku wuxuu ku faafi karaa iyadoo ay la socdaan biyaha waraabka ama dhibco roobaadka ay dabayshu u qaado beeraha deriska ah ee cudurka qaba [14].
nematodes stem waa endoparasites ku nool gudaha unugyada dhirta (xididdada, digriiga, rhizomes, nalalka) [10, 14]. Labka iyo dheddiggaba waxay burburiyaan derbiyada unugga xilliga quudinta [10]. Sida laga soo xigtay saynisyahano British, bacrin D. dipsac waxay gaari kartaa 500 oo ukun haweenkiiba [10]. nematode asliga ahi waxa uu ku sii jiri karaa dirxiga afaraad ee bilawga ah dhowr sano [10]. Dadka waaweyn iyo ukumuhu waxay awoodaan inay ku dhaafaan ciidda ama unugyada haramaha [14]. Xilliga gu'ga, dirxiyada ayaa ka soo baxa ukunta, kuwaas oo isla markiiba gumaysta dhirta martida loo yahay, cayayaannada waxay ka dhex galaan digriiga baradhada iyaga oo isticmaalaya lentils [14]. Waxaa la xusay in nematode ay ku quudin karto mycelium fangaska badan, oo ay ku jiraan Alternari a talantaalli ah и A. solani [afar iyo toban]. Dirxiga hore ee afaraad D. dipsac (Ka duwan D. halaag) si ay ugu noolaadaan xaaladaha xun waxay sameeyaan rucubyo korka unugyada dhirta cudurka qaba (waxa loo yaqaan "dhogorta nematode") [10]. Nematodes waxa ay noqdaan kuwo firfircoon mar kale ka dib marka "dhogorta" ay qoyaan [10]. Dhulka qoyan, waxay ku sii jiri karaan maqnaanshaha dhirta martida loo yahay in ka badan hal sano [10].
Calaamadaha waxyeelada cayayaanka ayaa aad u kala duwan.
Sida caadiga ah, waa wax aan macquul aheyn in la go'aamiyo in geedka uu saameeyay nematode oo ka soo jeeda qaybaha hawada ee baradhada (marka laga reebo xaqiiqda ah in dhirta daciifka ah ay ka soo baxaan digriiga aadka u saameeya, kuwaas oo laga yaabo inay u dhintaan) [14]. Weerar hore oo nematode ah ayaa lagu ogaan karaa iyada oo maqaarka laga saaro tuberka, taas oo ay fududahay in la arko dhibco yaryar oo caddaan ah oo ku jira hilibka caafimaadka qaba. Dabadeed, dhibcooyinkani way bataan, madoobayaan, unugguna wuxuu helaa muuqaal dabacsan [14]. Haddii digriiga lagu kaydiyo xaaladaha qoyan, way qudhmi iyo infekshanka nematode waxaa lagu kala qaadaa digriiga kale.
Digriiga aadka u saameeyay, meelo yar oo niyad-jabsan ayaa ka samaysma, kuwaas oo dildilaaca ku samaysma, qoloftuna waa laalaabtay, oo si xooggan ugu dheggan saxarka [14]. Jidhka ayaa noqda mid qalalan, midabkiisu isbeddelaa: laga bilaabo cawl ilaa madow madow ama xitaa madow. Isbeddelka midabka ayaa inta badan sabab u ah cudur-sidaha labaad (fungi, bakteeriyada iyo nematodes-ka nool ee xorta ah) [14].
Markii laga adkaaday D. dipsaci dildilaacyadu kuma sameeyaan digriiga, laakiin qudhunka midabka madow wuxuu ku faafaa hilibka gudaha. Dusha sare waa la gaabiyay oo qalloocan.
nematode waxa kale oo ay dhaawac weyn u geysataa dalagyada kale.
In geedo ay saameeyeen iyo dhirta basasha da'da yar, saldhigga asliga ah ayaa barara, caleemaha waa la foorarsaday oo qalloocan [10]. Nudaha ay saamaysay nematode waxay leedahay muuqaal dabacsan [10]. Dhirta waxay ku qudhuntaa heerka dhulka. Waxyeellada daciifka ah ee dhirta uu geysto nematode ayaa laga yaabaa inaan la ogaanin, laakiin nalalka noocan oo kale ah ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah u qudhma.
Unugyada geedo dabocase sonkorta saameeyay way bararaan oo waxay helaan muuqaal isbonji ah [10]. Xameetidu waxay samaysmi kartaa, meelaha koritaanku ka soo baxaan, unuggu wuu qalloobaa ama wuu dhintaa, taasoo keenta qallooca cirifka sare iyo samaynta caleemo yaryar. Xilliga dayrta, xameetidu way qudhuntaa sababtoo ah cudur-sidaha labaad.
Burburinta bean waxay caadi ahaan isu muujisaa sida midabka stem [10].
Dhirta oatka, saldhigga jirku wuu bararaa, caleemuhu waxay noqdaan kuwo cirro leh, duuduuban oo gaabiyaan.
Go'aansaday taas D. halaag wuxuu keenaa waxyeelada ugu weyn heerkulka 15-20 °C iyo qoyaanka ka sarreeya 90% [14].
Waxaa la caddeeyey in stolons iyo xididdada dhirta baradhada ay si firfircoon u saameeyaan marka nematode asliga ahi uu dhaawacmo. rhizoctonia solani [14] Sidoo kale, marka loo eego xogta hordhaca ah ee daraasadaha socda, waxaa la ogaaday in joogitaanka nematodes ee carradu ay keento koror toban laab ah tirada bakteeriyada keenta lugta madow ee baradhada, taas oo kordhinaysa suurtogalnimada horumarinta cudur. Bakteeriyadu waxay geedka ka gashaa nabarro ay sababto nematodes [9].
Si loo yareeyo waxyeellada nematodes-ka asliga ah, waxaa muhiim ah in la hirgeliyo farsamooyin farsamo oo qayb ka ah istaraatiijiyadda ilaalinta dhirta ee isku dhafan, iyada oo ugu horreyntii lagu tiirsan yahay isticmaalka abuurka caafimaadka leh (ka xorta ah cayayaanka) abuur iyo walxaha beeritaanka iyo isticmaalka wareegyada dalagga dheer. .
Jeermis-dillaaca ciidda leh cudur-sidaha carrada, phytonematodes iyo haramaha, waxaa lagu talinayaa in la beero, la shiido oo lagu daro dalagyada biofumigating ciidda (sarepta mustard).brassica juncea), dabocase caadiga ah (raphanus sativusarugula (Eruca sativa) [1]. Isothiocyanates, oo la sameeyay inta lagu jiro burburinta unugyada dhirtaas, waxay joojiyaan neefsiga gacanta iyo hawlaha kale, ugu horreyntii nematodes cyst baradho. Waxay ka cadhaysiiyaan sii deynta dirxiga ka soo ukunta, cysts maqnaanshaha dhirta martida loo yahay ku habboon. Larvae, oo aan helin warshad ku habboon martida loo yahay, way dhintaa. Farsamada kobcinta iyo isticmaalka dalagyada biofumigating waxaa lagu sifeeyay suugaanta afka Ruushka [5, 1].
Sida isticmaalka habka kiimikada, dalal badan oo EU ah, ogolaanshaha Vidat (a.i. oxamil) sida nematicide iyo cayayaanka waxay shaqeyneysaa ilaa 31.01.2023/20/10 [4,4]. Marka loo eego Xogta EU-da, waxaa lagu talinayaa in lagu beero granules-ka daroogada si qoto dheer 5,0 sentimitir qiyaasta 20-0,01 kg/ha, taas oo ku xidhan nooca ciidda [20]. Marka loo eego xogta Yurub, waxa ugu badan ee la ogol yahay ee hadhaaga oxamyl ee baradhada waa XNUMX mg/kg [XNUMX].
Saynis yahanada Ingriisku waxay soo jeedinayaan in Nematorin 10 G (ie phosphiazat) iyo Velum Prime (a.i. fluopyram) loo isticmaalo nematides kale [1]. Waxaa la sheegay in Nematorin 10 G loo isticmaalo ka hortagga nematodes cyst baradho iyo nematodes noolaha xorta ah ee ka tirsan pp. Trichodorus и Paratrichodorus, kuwaas oo ah sidayaal fayraska rattle tubaakada [1]. Xogta sunta cayayaanka EU, fosfiasate ayaa horay looga diiwaan geliyay dalal badan oo EU ah (laga bilaabo 01.01.2004/31.10.2022/20 ilaa 3/20/0,02) sida nematicide ka dhanka ah nematodes cyst iyo nematodes gall [20]. Marka loo eego talooyinka EU, qiyaasta ugu yar ee phosphiazat codsiga waa XNUMX kg/ha marka la beerayo guga [XNUMX]. Marka loo eego xogta Yurub, waxa ugu badan ee la oggol yahay ee cadadka fosphiasate ee baradhada ku jira waa XNUMX mg/kg [XNUMX]. Ruushka, walaxdan firfircoon weli lama diiwaan gelin.
Dalka Mareykanka, diiwaan gelinta daawada Velum Prime ayaa la sheegay, kaas oo loogu talagalay in lagu xakameeyo nematodes phytoparasitic, iyo sidoo kale cudurro badan: miridhku cad, alternaria, caariyaysi budada ah iyo verticillium. Fluopyram waa kooxda FRAC 7 fungicide. Xogta EU-da, fluopyram waxa ay u diiwaan gashan tahay sidii fungicide [20].
Marka loo eego xogta sunta cayayaanka EU sida nematicide ee qajaarka iyo dabacasaha laga bilaabo 01.10.2013/30.09.2023/XNUMX ilaa XNUMX/XNUMX/XNUMX. diyaarinta bakteeriyada diiwaangashan Bacillus adage I-1582 [20]. On qajaar iyo karootada Bacillus firmus I-1582 ma dhiso content ugu badnaan la ogol yahay ee hadhaaga iyo muddada sugitaanka [20], taas oo noo ogolaanaysaa in ay tixgeliyaan sida prophylactic ah loo isticmaalo beerista ee dalagyada khudradda dhulka la ilaaliyo iyo, suurto gal, wax soo saarka ee alaabta organic iyo wax soo saarka cuntada ilmaha. Ruushka, dawadan weli lama diwaan gashanayn.
Boqoshaada sidoo kale waxay ka diiwaan gashan tahay EU Purpureocillium likacinum cadaadis 251 [20]. Isticmaalka daawada waa la ogolyahay laga bilaabo 01.08.2008/31.07.2022/20 ilaa XNUMX/XNUMX/XNUMX. dhowr waddan oo EU ah oo ku yaal tiro dalagyo ah oo ku yaal dhulka la ilaaliyo iyo kuwa furan [XNUMX]. Baradhada, waxaa lagula talinayaa in lala dagaallamo Pratylenchus spp., oo leh CCN (buufin spp.) [20]. Tiknoolajiyada soo gelinta daroogada ee ciidda waa mid aad u adag, iyo waxtarka ficilka fungusku waxay ku xiran tahay xaaladaha deegaanka [20].
Waa muhiim in la xasuusto in aysan jirin noocyo baradho ah oo u adkeysanaya stem nematodes ee genus Ditylenchus.
Marka la soo koobo arrimaha kore, waxaa lagu soo gabagabeyn karaa in hababka ugu muhiimsan ee lagu xakameynayo nematode stem ee baradhada oo qayb ka ah istaraatiijiyadda ilaalinta isku dhafan ay yihiin:
- isticmaalka baradhada abuur caafimaad leh;
- doorashada wareegga dheer ee wareegga dalagga, kaas oo u oggolaanaya in la yareeyo infekshanka duurka oo leh nematode asliga ah. Waa in la tixgeliyo in dhaqamada qaarkood ay si xooggan u saameyn karaan noocyada kala duwan ee nematodes ee genus Ditylenchus, tusaale ahaan: dhir cas iyo caddaan, toon iyo basasha [13];
- xakamaynta haramaha iyo "dhirta iskaa wax u qabso" ee baradhada: noocyo badan oo haramaha ah ayaa u adeega sida dhirta martida loo yahay nematode;
- jeermiska weelasha, qalabka iyo bakhaarada baradhada ee jeermiska dila la aqbalay Baaxadda iyo xeerarka isticmaalka wakiiladan waxaa lagu bixiyaa suugaanta luqadda Ruushka [2], iyo sidoo kale heerka Ururka Ilaalinta Dhirta ee Yurub iyo Mediterranean (EPPO) ee nooca la turjumay [3].
- biofumigation ciidda leh dalagyada biofumigating ee qoyska cruciferous (sarepta mustard (Brassica junceaarugula (Eruca sativa), dabocase caadiga ah (Dabocase sativa) [1].
Codsiga bacriminta calcium inta lagu jiro beerto iyo inta lagu guda jiro muddada goobta tuber mass, tan iyo sahayda calcium ku filan ee dalagyada beeralayda wax ka tarta formation of derbiga unugyada dhirta cufan, taas oo ka dhigaysa in nematode ku adag in ay dhex galaan geedka, iyo sidoo kale kordhisaa caabbinta baradhada dhaawaca iyo bakteeriyada lugaha madow [4].
- xakamaynta heerka faddaraynta carrada oo leh nematode asliga ah (kahor beerashada iyo beeritaanka dalagyada, waxaa lagu talinayaa in la falanqeeyo ciidda shaybaarka). Haddii ay dhacdo cudur ba'an, beertan oo kale looma isticmaali karo in lagu beero dalagyo u nugul nematode asliga ah. Si loo yareeyo faddaraynteeda, waxaa lagu talinayaa in la isticmaalo nematicides - iyada oo qayb ka ah ilaalinta isku dhafan, iyada oo la raacayo qawaaniinta ilaalinta badbaadada leh ee sunta cayayaanka. Intaa waxaa dheer, waa lagama maarmaan in si habboon iyo waqtigeeda loo tuuro hadhaaga nematicides iyo weelkooda, ka hortagga wasakheynta waraabka iyo biyaha dusha sare. Isticmaalka saxda ah ee nematicides waxay yareyn doontaa saameynta xun ee ciidda iyo biyaha micro-iyo macrobiota.
Sawirka Maria Kuznetsova, VNIIF
Sawirro ay ansixisay Xarunta Caalamiga ah ee Barashada Sayniska Beeraha iyo Bayolojiga (CABI) ee Barwaaqa-sooranka
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