Ludmila Dulskaya
Xagaagii hore waxaa lagu xasuustaa masiibooyinka cimilada: gobollo badan oo ka mid ah bartamaha Ruushka iyo Ural ayaa wajahay abaar. Dhulka Krasnodar iyo Stavropol iyo Crimea, caksigeeda, waxaa ka da’ay roobab mahiigaan ah.
Sannadkan, xilliga abuurka ku dhawaad dalka oo dhan wuxuu bilaabay inuu dib u dhaco wakhtiga caadiga ah. Waa maxay dhibaatooyinka ay tahay in laga cabsado xilli ciyaareedka cusub? Maxaa la samayn karaa si loo badbaadiyo dalagga? Talo ayaan u jeednay Maria Kuznetsova, Madaxa Waaxda Cudurada Dalagyada Baradhada iyo Khudaarta, Cilmi-baadhaha ugu horreeya ee Machadka Cilmi-baarista ee Ruushka oo dhan ee Phytopathology.
Cadaadiska abiotic-ga iyo yaraanta nafaqada
“2021 waxa uu ahaa sanad gaar ah. Cimilo kulul oo qalalan ayaa ka jirtay gobollo badan oo Ruushka ah. Qoyaanka ciidda oo aad u hooseeya iyo la'aanta roobka ee heerkulka jawiga sare ayaa abuuray xaalado aan fiicneyn oo beerashada dalagyada khudradda. Sababtoo ah la'aanta qoyaanka, dhirtu ma awoodin inay si buuxda u isticmaasho bacrimiyeyaasha lagu dabaqay ciidda. Tani waxay keentay cuduro badan oo shaqeynaya oo baradho ah, oo ay ku jiraan: baritaanka qanjidhada ( miridhku ) ee digriiga, madoobaadka saxarka, bararka digriiga iyo samaynta waxa loogu yeero "cheburashkas".
Baradhadu, oo ay la kulantay walaaca abiotic-ka sababtoo ah qoyaan la'aan iyo nafaqo la'aan, ayaa markii dambe aad ugu nugul saameynta cudurrada faafa ee etiologies kala duwan. Intaa waxaa dheer, cudurrada ku jiray tubers abuurka ee xaalad qarsoodi ah waxay bilaabeen inay si firfircoon isu muujiyaan. Meelo badan oo ka mid ah Bartamaha Ruushka, Ural iyo qaar ka mid ah Siberiya, calaamadaha bakteeriyada, anthracnose, rhizoctoniosis ayaa si weyn loo arkay, cilladaha kala duwan ee digriiga ayaa lagu arkay. Yaraanta qoyaanku waxay sidoo kale gacan ka geysatay waxyeello firfircoon oo digriiga ah qolof caadi ah, muujinta verticillium iyo Fusarium wilt ee dhirta.
Xaaladaha roob yaraanta, dawooyinka dhirbaaxada ayaa si hufan u shaqaynayn. Beeraley badan oo baradho ah ayaa kordhiyey qiyaasta daawooyinka waxayna sameeyeen daaweyn soo noqnoqota, taas oo si xun u saamaysay dhirta una horseeday gubasho kiimiko ah, iyo sidoo kale ka qaybqaatay muujinta hore ee calaamadaha alternariosis iyo anthracnose.
Sannadka 2021, gobollo badan oo ka mid ah Ruushka, noocyo kala duwan oo baradho ah, muuqaal hore oo hore oo ah Blight Alternaria iyo goor dambe ayaa la arkay, taas oo ugu dambeyntii keentay hoos u dhaca tayada digriiga inta lagu jiro goosashada. Fusarium iyo bacteriosis, anthracnose iyo qudhunka pithy ayaa si firfircoon uga muuqday digriiga inta lagu jiro kaydinta.
Roobab badan oo ka jira Territoriyada Krasnodar iyo Stavropol iyo qayb ahaan shaqada qaldan ee baradhada ka ilaalinaysa dhibco caleen ah ayaa horseeday dhaawac ba'an oo digriiga ka soo gaadhay finan goor dambe ah iyo qudhunka bakteeriyada.
U diyaargarowga soo degista
Maxaa la samayn karaa si loo yareeyo tirada dhibaatooyinka xilli ciyaareedka soo socda?
U hubso inaad ilaaliso wareegga dalagga (ku soo noqo beerta wax aan ka horrayn saddex ilaa afar sano). Isticmaal digriiga caafimaadka leh oo keliya beeritaanka. Muuqaalka diyaarinta digriiga beeritaanka xilli ciyaareedkan waxaa ka mid ah kululaynta qasabka ah. Tubers waa in dib loo eegaa, la tuuraa kuwa ay saameysay nematode asliga ah, oo leh calaamadaha caabuqa daahay, bakteeriyada, fusarium, phomosis, anthracnose. Waa lagama maarmaan in la qiimeeyo awoodda digriiga si ay u soo baxaan, maaddaama cadaadiska abiotic, marka lagu daro noocyada kala duwan ee cilladaha, ay saameyn xun ku yeelan karaan biqilka.
Samee jaangooyooyin dhowr ah: biqilka, beeritaanka digriiga, kululaynta ciidda. Digriiga la caadaystay ee lagu beeray ciidda diirran waxay u soo baxaysaa si degdeg ah oo ay u nugul yihiin cudurrada. Kahor intaan la beerin ama marka la beerayo, digriiga waa in lagu daaweeyaa diyaargarow ka yimaada cudur-sidaha ciidda si looga fogaado cudurrada sida rhizoctoniosis (" qolof madow "), anthracnose, qolof qalin ah.
Waxaan sidoo kale ogsoonahay in xaaladaha cimilada ee 2021, nasiib daro, ay u wanaagsanaayeen ururinta cayayaanka. Barafka ayaa da'ay markii uusan weli baraf daran jirin, carraduna ma aysan helin waqti ay ku qaboojiso. Sidaa darteed, cayayaan badan iyo cudur-sidaha ayaa ku badbaaday.
Gobollo badan oo ka mid ah Ruushka, joogitaanka duqsiyo baradho Colorado iyo nibbling cutworms ayaa la arkay xilli ciyaareedkii hore. Sidaa darteed, marka la beero, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la isticmaalo cayayaanka fungicides - si loo yareeyo waxyeellada cayayaanka iyo cudurrada.
Ka warran abuurka dibadda laga keeno?
Xilli ciyaareedkan, baradhada abuurka ee wadamada shisheeye ayaa loo soo dhoofiyaa si waafaqsan nidaam la fududeeyay, iyo dhibaatada tayada alaabta abuurka ee Ruushka ayaa laga yaabaa inay ka sii darto. Cuduro badan, sida kuwa lugaha madow, ayaa hurda. Waa suurtagal in la soo dhoofiyo iniin cudurka qaba, waana in aan u diyaargarownaa tan.
Maxaa la sameeyaa inta lagu jiro xilliga koritaanka
Hubi inaad sameyso daawaynta ka dhanka ah haramaha. Sanadkii la soo dhaafay, si qaldan ayaa loo soo agaasimay in beero laga ilaaliyo cawska beero badan, taas oo keentay in ay uruursadaan abuurkii haramaha, waxaana laga yaabaa in ay sii xumeeyaan dhibaatada ka dhalan karta goynta dhirta. Sida aad ogtahay, haramaha kaliya ma beddelaan microclimate ee beeritaanka baradhada, laakiin sidoo kale waa kaydka cudurrada bakteeriyada iyo fungal etiology, sidaas darteed waa in si adag loola dagaallamo, oo ma aha oo kaliya gudaha beeraha, laakiin sidoo kale dhulka ku xiga.
Sidoo kale muhiimadda weyn waa codsiga waqtiga ku habboon ee bacriminta organic iyo macdanta: baradhada abuurka, saamiga N: P: K waa 1: 1-1,2: 1,6-2; cuntada - 1: 0,8-1: 1,5-1,8. Bacrimiyeyaasha waxay saameeyaan ka kooban tayada iyo tirada ee microflora ciidda, oo ay ku jiraan microbes antagonist.
Doorashada ugu fiican ee bacriminta waa iyada oo loo marayo ciidda. Si kastaba ha noqotee, xaaladaha aad u qallalan ama qoyan, dharka sare ee foliar ayaa ah mid wanaagsan - waxay aad ugu waxtar badan yihiin caleemaha yaryar, marka 75% dhirta ay weli si firfircoon u korayaan.
Waa lagama maarmaan in la sameeyo dhaymo sare oo foliar ah, oo ay ku jiraan nitrogen. Waa inaadan isla markiiba codsan qiyaasta buuxda ee nitrogen marka la beerayo, beeralayda baradho badan ayaa u qaybiya qaddarkan laba ama saddex qiyaasood. Midka ugu horreeya - ka hor intaan la beerin, qadarka 60% wadarta guud (taas oo lagu go'aamin karo iyada oo ku saleysan nuxurka nitrogen macdanta ee ciidda guga); labaad - toddobaad ka dib bilawga samaynta tuber, qadarka 20%.
Mugga oo dhan waxaa lagu talinayaa in lagu dabaqo sagaalka ilaa tobanka toddobaad ee ugu horreeya ka dib soo bixitaanka, sababtoo ah 90% ee nitrogen waxaa nuugaya geedka muddadan.
Inta lagu jiro xilliga koritaanka, yaraanta nitrogen waxaa lagu sixi karaa codsi dheeri ah oo UAN ama HOL Sababo la xiriira halista gubashada caleenta, urea leh fiirsashada nitrogen ee ka badan 10-15 kg / ha waa in aan la marin - waa in lagu mariyaa dhowr qiyaasood. Daawayntan waxa lagu dari karaa daawaynta fungicides ee lagaga hortagayo caabuqa soo daaha iyo Alternaria.
Sidoo kale waa lagama maarmaan in la fuliyo quudinta foliar ee baradhada leh bacriminta fosfateed monopotassium - si loo xakameeyo horumarinta cudurrada caleemaha. Iyo soo bandhigida amooniyam kalsiyum waxay ka ilaalin doontaa digriiga dhaawaca iyo caabuqa jeermiska inta lagu jiro goosashada, gaadiidka iyo kaydinta.
Ilaalinta cudurada
Sida laga soo xigtay xogtayada, xilli-ciyaareedkan, dhammaan fungicides lama gaarsiiyo Ruushka si buuxda, taas oo abuuri karta dhibaatooyin xagga abaabulka ilaalinta baradhada ee ka soo baxa goor dambe iyo goor hore. Waxaa muhiim ah in la xasuusto in xaaladaha horumarinta xooggan ee cudurrada, kaliya habka kiimikada ayaa xaqiijin kara dalagga xasilloon.
Beeraleyda baradhadu waxay u baahan yihiin inay dib u eegaan kaydkooda fungicides, caddeeyaan waxtarkooda ka hortagga caabuqa goor dambe iyo goor hore, oo ay u dhaqmaan si waafaqsan xaaladaha cimilada. Miiska dhexdiisa"Waxtarka maaddooyinka firfircoon ee ka hortagga caabuqa goor dambe iyo baradhada hore" tilmaamayaasha waxtarka leh ayaa la bixiyaa, kuwaas oo ay tahay in lagu tiirsado marka la dooranayo daroogada. Aan ku xasuusiyo in buufinta ka-hortagga nabarrada soo daahay ay waxtar leedahay marka la fuliyo ka hor bilawga cudurka ee beerta. Daawaynta ka dhanka ah alternariosis waxaa la bilaabi karaa ka dib marka ay soo baxaan calaamadaha ugu horreeya ee cudurka.
Shaxda 1. Waxtarka maaddooyinka firfircoon ee ka hortagga caabuqa goor dambe iyo goor hore ee baradhada
| Walaxda firfircoon: daroogada | Phytophthora | Alternariosis |
| Diyaarinta naxaasta | + | (+) |
| Dithiocarbamates | + | + |
| Chlorothalonil | + | + |
| Fluazinam | + | (+) |
| Dimethomorph + Mancozeb | + | + |
| Dimethomorph + Initium | + | - |
| Cymoxanil + famoxadone | + | + |
| Cymoxanil + Mancozeb | + | + |
| Cymoxanil + copper | + | - |
| Fenamidone + Mancozeb | + | + |
| Mefenoxam + Mancozeb | + | + |
| Metalaxyl + Mancozeb | + | + |
| Oxadixyl+copper oxychloride | + | - |
| Mandipropamide | + | - |
| Mandipropamide + Difenoconazole | + | + |
| Propamocarb-HCl + Fluopicolide | + | - |
| Propamocarb-HCl + phenomidone | + | + |
| diazofamide | + | - |
| Difenoconazole | - | + |
| Pyraclostrobin + boscalid | - | + |
| fluapiram + pyrimethanil | - | + |
| famoxadone + oxathiapiproline | + | + |
- wax saameyn ah ma leh; + saamayn ayaa jirta
Si kor loogu qaado ilaalinta baradhada ee ka soo baxa goor dambe iyo goor hore, saddex xilli oo muhiim ah oo horumarinta dhirta baradhada waa in la kala saaraa: laga bilaabo biqilka ilaa bilowga xidhitaanka dusha sare ee safka (wajiga 1), laga bilaabo bilowga xidhitaanka kor ilaa ubax (wajiga 2) iyo ubaxa ilaa dhimashada dabiiciga ah ee dhaladooda (wajiga 3). Inta lagu jiro xilliyada la cayimay, waa inaad fulisaa falalka la cayimay.
Wajiga 1. Buufisku waa cudurdaar marka la ogaado foci of phytophthora ama ay khatar sare ugu jirto muuqaalkeeda hore. Tirada caleemaha muddadan si tartiib ah ayey u koraan, sidaas darteed fungicides kasta ayaa lagu dabaqi karaa. Buufinta soo noqnoqda sida waafaqsan nidaamka dhaqameed (caadiga ah) - ugu dambeyn 7-10 maalmood ka dib noocyada u nugul, iyo 11-14 maalmood ka dib - kuwa u adkaysta.
Wajiga 2. Waqtigaan, tirada dushooda waxay labanlaabmaan 4-5 maalmood kasta. Fungicides nidaamsan oo ilaaliya koritaanka cusub ee caleemaha iyo afkoda, marka loo eego nidaamka dhaqameed, waa in lagu dabaqaa ugu dambayn 7-10 maalmood oo kasta noocyo u nugul, iyo 11-14 maalmood ka dib kuwa u adkaysta. Xidhiidhka iyo fungicides-ka translaminar waa in lagu dabaqaa dhammaan noocyada baradhada iyadoo loo eegayo nidaamka dhaqameed 5tii maalmoodba mar.
Wajiga 3. Koritaanka firfircoon ee dusha sare ee wajigan ayaa joogsada. Hadafyada ugu muhiimsan: in laga ilaaliyo dushooda iyo digriiga caabuqa goor dambe, iyo dushooda Alternaria. Kahortagga caabuqa goor dambe, waa la jecel yahay in la isticmaalo translaminar iyo la xiriir fungicides-ka ilaaliya digriiga. Ku shaqeynta si waafaqsan nidaamka dhaqameed - ugu dambeyn 7-10 maalmood kasta oo ku saabsan noocyada u nugul iyo 11-14 maalmood ka dib - kuwa u adkaysta.
Dhamaadka xilliga sii kordhaya, si looga hortago gudbinta cudurrada etiologies kala duwan ee dushooda ilaa digriiga iyo in la yareeyo khatarta dhaawaca digriiga by jeermiska dambe, alternariosis, anthracnose iyo bacteriosis, burburin ka hor goosashada ee dusha sare waa in la qaado. laba ilaa saddex toddobaad ka hor goosashada.
Ku beeridda digriiga caafimaadka leh, faleebo iyo cayayaan-daaweeyay ciidda diiran, codsanaya qiyaaso dheellitiran oo Bacriminta ah, u hoggaansanaanta dhammaan shuruudaha beeraha marka la beerayo baradhada, ka ilaalinta dhirta haramaha, cayayaanka iyo cudurrada inta lagu jiro xilliga koritaanka dhirta - tani waa furaha goosashada guul ee xilli ciyaareedka 2022.
K S
