Laga soo bilaabo majaladda: No. 1 2016
Qaybta: Gobolka
CARAAN. Andrianov, D.A. Andrianov,
Machadka Waxbarashada ee Miisaaniyadda Gobolka ee Sare ee Waxbarashada Xirfadlayaasha Bashkir State Agrarian University
Dhulka Jamhuuriyadda Belarus: 143 kun km2
Dadka: 4 qof, kuwaas oo 071% ay yihiin dad magaalada deggan.
Booska joqoraafi ahaan: Jamhuuriyaddu waxay ku taallaa jiirada galbeed ee Ural-ka Koonfureed iyo Cis-Ural.
Cimilada Qaarad, oo leh qoyan, xagaaga diiran iyo jiilaalka daran. Cimiladu si joogto ah ayey isu beddeshaa iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay meesha uu gobolka ka taagan yahay duufaannada ka imaanaya latitudes kulul, Atlantic, Arctic iyo Siberiya.
Celceliska heerkulka Janaayo: -18°, celceliska heerkulka Luulyo: +18°. Laakiin tirooyinkani waxay ku kala duwanaan karaan aagag kala duwan: cirifka Ural, oo ka soo jeeda waqooyiga ilaa koonfurta, waxay abuuraan farqi xooggan oo ku saabsan xaaladaha cimilada ee galbeedka iyo bariga. Celceliska heerkulka sanadlaha ayaa hoos u dhaca jihada galbeed ilaa bari. U gudubka heerkulka ka sarreeya eber wuxuu dhacaa tobanka maalmood ee ugu horreeya Abriil, iyo heerkul ka hooseeya eber tobanka maalmood ee saddexaad ee Oktoobar. Muddada daboolida barafka waa 155 maalmood (ee kaynta-steppe iyo aagagga steppe), 175 maalmood (goobaha kaynta buuraha).
Bashkortostan waxay qani ku tahay biyaha dusha sare leh. Waxaa jamhuuriyada ku yaal ilaa 13 kun oo wabi iyo in ka badan kun haro (oo ay ku jiraan kaydadka biyaha) ee jamhuuriyada.
Relief: aad u kala duwan, kaas oo la xidhiidha goobta juqraafi, juquraafi iyo qaab-dhismeedka tectonic ee dhulka. Qiyaastii saddex-meelood laba meel aaggu waa bannaanka iyo bannaanka buuraha leh (ugu habboon beerashada); waxaa jira buuro, taargooyin, safafyo buuraley ah, iyo taargooyin.
Ciid: 32% dhulka oo dhan waxaa haysta carrada chernozem, 28% ciidda kaynta cawlan, 25,1% carrada buuraha. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa jira meelo ka mid ah sod-podzolic (qaybta waqooyi ee jamhuuriyadda), sod-carbonate (Ufa Plateau iyo waqooyi-bari kaynta-steppe zone), hydromorphic iyo carrada-chernozem. Koonfurta Cis-Ural iyo Trans-Ural, meelaha qaybinta solonetzes, solonchaks iyo solonchak noocyada chernozems iyo carrada cawska ayaa lagu xusay.
Aagga dhulka Beeraha: qiyaastii 8 milyan hektar, kuwaas oo qiyaastii 5 milyan oo hektar ka mid ah ay yihiin dhul beereed
Baradhada ka baxa jamhuuriyada Bashkortostan. Marxaladda casriga ah
Baradhadu waa mid ka mid ah dalagyada cuntada ee ugu muhiimsan Jamhuuriyadda Bashkortostan. Shantii sano ee la soo dhaafay, isticmaalka "roodhida labaad" (ilaa 180 kg/qof) iyo wax soo saarka (ilaa 270 kg/qof) ayaa kordhay jamhuuriyadda. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, beeraha nooc kasta oo lahaanshaha, aagga beeritaanka baradhada waa 93,5 kun oo hektar.
Beeraha ganacsiga ee ugu horreeya ee Jamhuuriyadda Bashkortostan waxay khibrad u leeyihiin inay helaan wax-soo-saarka baradhada sare ee dhulalka waaweyn. Liiska 100-ka beerood ee ganacsiga ugu wanaagsan ee Ruushka 2005-2008. Kaalinta 46-aad waa SPK KLH oo loogu magac daray. Degmada Salavat Meleuzovsky, booska 74-aad - Enterprise Unitary State ee kaydinta ku meel gaar ah "Dmitrievsky", in meel 96 - Enterprise Unitary State ee kaydinta ku meel gaar ah "Alekseevsky" iyo in meel 100 - Siberian Beeraha Beeraha-Collective Farm magacaabay ka dib. Salavat, degmada Sterlitamak. Marka, gudaha AKH im. Salavat, degmada Meleuzovsky, oo ku taal dhul dhan 330 hektar, celceliska wax-soo-saarka sanadlaha waa 35 t / hektar. Beerta gobolka Alekseevsky ee gobolka Ufa, dhul dhan 100 hektar ayaa soo saara digriiga suuqa ee 32-42 t / ha. SEC "Qoraxda" ee degmada Ilishevsky, oo ku taal meel ka badan 300 hektar, waxay soo ururisaa digriiga suuqa ee 16 - 25 t / ha. Beerta gobolka Shemyak, oo ku taal dhul ka badan 600 hektar, waxay soo saartaa 12-16 t / hektar oo digriiga suuqa ah. Beerta beeralayda ah "Agli" ee degmada Chishminsky oo ku taal dhul dhan 400 hektar waxay helaysaa miraha baradhada 30-42 t / ha dhowr sano.
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, guud ahaan, heerka wax soo saarka baradhada ee Jamhuuriyadda Belarus waa mid aad u hooseeya. Tan waxaa sabab u ah sababaha soo socda. 1. La'aanta nidaamka wax-soo-saarka abuurka baradhada iyo saamiga hoose ee noocyada hore ee bislaaday, oo ay ku jiraan maqnaanshaha ku dhawaad dhammaystiran ee bislaanshaha hore ee casriga ah ee gudaha iyo noocyada hore ee hore ee beeritaanka. Qalabka beeritaanka ee jira waxaa lagu kaydiyaa dhismo aan ku habboonayn haddii nidaamka kaydinta aan la raacin. Beeritaanka, walxaha beeritaanka kuma xidhna diyaarinta cilmi ahaan ku salaysan. 2. Xadgudubyada guud ee anshaxa tignoolajiyada inta lagu jiro beerashada. 3. Inta badan waxaa jira la'aanta wareegyada dalagga gaarka ah. 4. Joogitaanka nidaamka biyaha ee aan nidaamsaneyn ee beerista. 5. Isticmaalka aan macquul ahayn ee macdanta iyo bacriminta dabiiciga ah ee la heli karo. 6. Ku guuldareysiga inaad u hoggaansanto taariikhaha beeritaanka ugu wanaagsan oo leh cufnaanta cad ee aan ku filnayn. Isticmaalka nidaam beerid aan caqli-gal ahayn oo qotodheer beeritaanka tuber aan sinnayn. 7. Ku xadgudubka shuruudaha loogu talagalay xaalad dabacsan oo aan caws lahayn oo ah lakabka ciidda la beeray - labadaba safafka iyo inta u dhaxaysa safafka inta lagu jiro daryeelka beeritaanka. 8. La'aanta hab lagu ilaaliyo dhirta baradhada cudurrada. 9. Arrimaha saadaasha hawada, dhacdooyinka cimilada xun ee xilliga koritaanka. 10. La'aanta qalab casri ah oo khaas ah, qalabka lagu beero baradhada iyo goobaha kaydinta. 11. Sababaha urureed ay sabab u tahay la'aanta ah ee ururka saxda ah ee shaqada inta lagu guda jiro beerashada iyo aqoonta liidata ee dhaqanka baradho hore iyo farsamo by jilayaasha. 12. Diyaarin la'aanta beeraha (dhaqaalaha, farsamada iyo abaabulka) ee wax soo saarka sare iyo wax soo saarka sare, inkastoo ay bilaabeen inay muujiyaan xiisaha baradhada aasaasiga ah. 13. La'aanta nidaam lagu wargeliyo dadka ku saabsan noocyada cusub iyo sifooyinkooda, la'aanta meelo lagu iibiyo baradhada aasaasiga ah ee abuurka tiro yar oo ku habboon baakadaha yaryar. 14. Tirakoob la'aanta wax soo saarka baradhada hore. 15. La'aanta nidaam loogu talagalay shaqaalaha tababarka heer kasta oo ka kooban wax soo saarka baradho. 16. La'aanta agrometeoposts ee goobaha tijaabada ah.
Waqtigan xaadirka ah, wax-soo-saarka baradhada ee Jamhuuriyadda Belarus waxay ku urursan yihiin qaybaha shakhsi ahaaneed iyo kuwa yaryar (95-97% wadarta guud ee beerashada), taas oo ah, baradhada waxay noqdeen ku dhawaad dalagga beerta.
Beeraha waaweyn ee ganacsiga waxaa lagu beeraa kaliya dhul dhan 3,0 kun oo hektar iyo beeralayda (beeralayda) beeralayda dhul dhan 1,0 kun oo hektar. Isla mar ahaantaana, waxaa jira isbeddel muuqda oo muuqda oo ku wajahan xoogga saarista baradhada. Sideeda degmo ee Jamhuuriyadda Belarus (oo ka mid ah 54) - Aurgazinsky, Iglinsky, Ilishevsky, Meleuzovsky, Sterlitamaksky, Tuymazinsky, Ufa iyo Chishminsky - in ka badan kala badh (60%) ee aagga beeritaanka ayaa ku urursan beeraha ganacsiga, 76,6% baradhada ayaa la soo saaraa, wax-soo-saarkuna waxa uu ka sarreeyaa celceliska qaranka lixdii sano ee la soo dhaafay 144...211%.
Tani waxay xitaa aad ugu caddahay beeraha beeralayda. Shan degmo - Beloretsky, Iglinsky, Meleuzovsky, Ufa iyo Chishminsky - 57,4% dhulka la goostay ee baradhada iyo 59,8% goosashada tuberka dhabta ah ayaa la uruuriyay, wax-soo-saarkuna wuu ka sarreeyaa celceliska Jamhuuriyadda Belarus 128,7 - 440,7 % lixdii sano ee la soo dhaafay. Toddobadii sano ee la soo dhaafay, wax-soo-saarka baradhada ee beeraha ganacsiga iyo beeralayda ayaa noqday mid ka sarreeya beeraha gaarka loo leeyahay.
Iyadoo aan la bixin cilmi-baaris cilmiyeed oo ku saabsan daraasadda bayoolajiga baradhada iyo horumarinta iyo hirgelinta tamarta hal-abuurka leh- iyo khayraadka-badbaadinta teknoolajiyada beeraha isku dhafan ee dalagga oo leh wax kasta oo lagama maarmaanka ah, iyada oo aan lahayn khabiiro aqoon leh (laga bilaabo hawlwadeennada mishiinnada ilaa maamulayaasha iyo madaxda shirkadaha), iyada oo aan qalab buuxa oo ah mishiinada casriga ah ee kobcaya baradhada iyo qalabka, iyada oo aan si degdeg ah iyo taageero macluumaad tayo sare leh, ma noqon doonto wax aan macquul aheyn in lala tartamo shirkadaha hormuudka ah ee gobollada Ruushka iyo shirkadaha ajnabiga ah mustaqbalka dhow.
Rajada horumarinta
Fikradeena, si loo kiciyo wax soo saarka baradhada ee ku salaysan warshadaha, hagaajinta tayada baradhada miiska iyo baradhada, kordhinta suuq-geynta iyo faa'iidada dalagga ee Bashkortostan, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la abuuro Xarunta Baradhada, isku darka kala duwan ee jira. iyo qaab-dhismeedyo cusub oo laga dhigay hal dhisme.
Waa lagama maarmaan in la horumariyo, la ansixiyo oo la dabaqo barnaamijka bartilmaameedka muddada-dheer ee gobolka ee horumarinta wax soo saarka, kaydinta, farsamaynta iyo iibinta baradhada ee Jamhuuriyadda Belarus 2016 - 2020.
Qaab dhismeedka Xarunta Baradhada iyo barnaamijka horumarinta hal-abuurka leh ee kobcinta baradhada, samee Kooxda Baradhada ee Jamhuuriyadda Belarus.
Iyada oo ku saleysan falanqaynta xaaladda hadda jirta ee wax soo saarka baradhada ee Jamhuuriyadda Belarus, meelaha mudnaanta leh ee horumarinta baradhada ee jamhuuriyada waxaa ka mid ah.
- horumarinta iyo hagaajinta cilmi-baarista sayniska ee dhaqanka baradhada laga bilaabo bayolojigeeda ilaa iibinta alaabta kama dambaysta ah;
- kordhinta celceliska wax-soo-saarka beeraha ganacsiga iyo beeralayda ilaa 30 t/ha;
- si tartiib tartiib ah u wareejinta shirkadaha baradhada-koritaanka ee tiknoolajiyada mashiinka casriga ah ee wax soo saarka, kaydinta iyo habaynta;
- dhimista kharashyada halbeeg kasta oo wax soo saar ah iyo hubinta isticmaalka dhaqaale iyo deegaan saaxiibtinimo ee agabka iyo lacagaha;
- kordhinta waxtarka isticmaalka awoodda noocyada dalagga gudaha;
- horumarinta hababka wax-soo-saarka abuurka casriga ah ee sayniska ku salaysan iyo xeerarka teknoolajiyada cusub ee soo saarista baradhada abuurka asalka ah, elite iyo taranka;
- hordhaca iyo u hoggaansanaanta adag ee nidaamka shahaado shahaado baradho abuur nidaamsan oo ku salaysan sharciga casriga ah ee Federaalka Ruushka iyo Jamhuuriyadda Belarus iyo GOSTs;
- abuurista kaabayaasha suuqa abuurka (oo ay ku jiraan dhulalka guryaha gaarka loo leeyahay), cuntada iyo baradhada warshadaha;
Sidaa darteed, horumarinta dheeraadka ah ee baradhada sii kordhaya ee Ruushka iyo Belarus waa wax aan suurtagal ahayn iyada oo aan la hagaajin sayniska gudaha, isticmaalka waxtarka leh ee kheyraadka hidda-socodka cusub, guulaha jimicsiga jirka, bayoolajiga, taranta, iyo wax soo saarka abuurka.*, Phytopathology, Entomology iyo ilaalinta dhirta iyo wax soo saarka dalagga, iyo sidoo kale kor u qaadida degdega ah ee tignoolajiyada beeraha wax ku ool ah ee dhaqanka beeraha.
Shuruudaha ugu muhiimsan ee lagama maarmaanka u ah hordhaca iyo horumarinta hal-abuurka beeritaanka baradhada waa kuwan soo socda:
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- helitaanka tignoolajiyada beeralayda baradhada oo la xaqiijiyay inay dhaqaale ahaan iyo deegaan ahaanba waxtar u leedahay;
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- Taageerada gobolka ee ganacsiyada beeraha si ay u bartaan tignoolajiyada cusub ee beeraha baradhada;
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- nidaamka macluumaadka ee heer gobol iyo degmo oo ku saabsan dhaqanka horumarinta tignoolajiyada beeraha baradhada cusub iyo saamaynta dhaqaale ee laga helay tan.
*Gobolka Ural iyo Jamhuuriyadda Bashkortostan ee 2015, noocyada soo socda ayaa lagu daray Diiwaanka Gobolka ee Ruushka waxaana loo oggolaaday isticmaalka: noocyo hore oo dheeraad ah - Meteor, Charoit; bislaanshaha hore - Alena, Antonina, Bashkirsky, Bellarosa, White Spring, Vineta, Zhukovsky hore, Kamensky, Hogaamiyaha, Lyubava, Rosara, Skoroplodny, Bullfinch ( beero kala duwan); bartamihii hore - Bezhitsky, Gornyk, Korona, Labadia, Lina, Lukyanovsky , Nevsky, Oredezhsky, Ramos, Sante, Safo, Svitanok Kievsky, Sebtembar (kala duwanaanta beerta), Sheeko cirfiid, Madam, Evolution, Heer sare, Saamayn; xilli-dhexe - Aspiya, Burnovsky, Irbitsky, Lugovskoy, Kuzovok, Nadezhda, Nayada ( beerta kala duwan), Skarb, Spiridon, Tarasov, Udalets; bartamihii dambe - Belousovsky, Lorkh, Nikulinsky.