Shirkadda "Agoosto" waxay falanqeysey fikradaha ugu caamsan ee la xiriira biopesticides - alaabada ilaalinta dhirta ee loo oggol yahay in loo isticmaalo soosaarista alaabada dabiiciga ah waxaana soo saaray noolaha nool.
Suuqa adduunka ee loo yaqaan 'biopesticides' waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inuu si dhakhso leh u korayo: saamiga alaabada bayoolajiga ah ee tirada guud ee alaabada dhirta ilaaliya wali waa boqolkiiba dhowr, laakiin, sida ay qabaan khubaradu, iibkooda ayaa kordhaya 15-20% sanadkiiba - in ka badan saddex jeer ka dhakhso badan suuqii adduunka ee horey loo aasaasay ee CPPPs.
Ruushka, xaaladdu way ka duwan tahay: suuqyada loogu talagalay biopesticides iyo CPPP-yada ayaa ku koraya xawaare u dhigma. Kordhinta dawooyinka loo yaqaan 'biopesticides' ayaa guud ahaan u soo dhowaanaya heerarka caalamiga ah, iyo iibinta cayayaanka lagu buufiyo cayayaanka ayaa sare u kacay 10% sanadkii tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay. Laga bilaabo 2010 illaa 2019, kharashyada ku baxa badeecooyinka ilaalinta dhirta ee Ruushka halkii hektar ee dhul beereed afarlaab ah - 550 ilaa 2200 rubles. Tani waxay dhacday labadaba sababtuna tahay isbeddelka sicirka sarrifka, kaas oo qiimaha qaybaha ugu waaweyn ee alaabta ilaalinta dhirta ay ku xidhan tahay, iyo iyada oo ay ugu wacan tahay in baahida tikniyoolajiyada ee teknolojiyada weli aan si buuxda loogu daboolayn beeraha gudaha. Awoodda koritaanka ee waddanku weli waa weyn yahay: Russia, qiimaha halkii hektar doollar wuxuu laba jibaar ka hooseeya Mareykanka, iyo 3,5 jeer ka hooseeya kan Jarmalka. Iyo Jabaan, oo ah dalka ay ku nool yihiin saamiga ugu weyn ee dadka da'da ah ee ku nool dadka, waxay ku qaataan ku dhawaad 15 jeer in ka badan hektar dhul beereed marka loo eego Ruushka (laakiin maskaxda ku hay in in Japan in kabadan hal dalag la guranyo hektarkiiba sanadkii iyo qiimaha cayayaan dilaha. aad u sarreeya).
Marka loo eego daawada loo yaqaan 'biopesticides', qayb weyn oo ka mid ah waxay ka tirsantahay kooxda sunta cayayaanka loogu talagalay in lagu xakameeyo cayayaanka, iyo fungicides loo isticmaalo in lagu xakameeyo caabuqyada fangas ee dhirta. Sidoo kale, waxsoosaarka bayoolojiga ayaa si balaadhan loogu meeleeyay sida kicinta koritaanka iyo walxaha ka hortagga walbahaarka - nasiib darrose, had iyo jeer kuma eka waxtarka muuqda ee la caddeeyay. Biopesticides dhib kuma ahan inay la tartamaan kooxda sida aadka ah loogu baahan yahay ee loo yaqaan 'CPPPs - herbicides'. Daraasadaha ayaa muujinaya in kasta oo dhiirrigelinta ugu weyn ee ka dhaadhicin kara qofka beeraleyda ah in ay adeegsato daawada loo yaqaan 'biopesticides' ay tahay bixinta bilaashka ah ee dawooyinka iyo talooyinka asxaabta, halka qodobka ugu muhiimsan ee dhiirrigelinta u adeegsanaya CPPD ay tahay kalsoonida natiijada, oo ku saleysan khibradooda. Intaa waxaa sii dheer, isticmaalka kiimikada loo yaqaan 'biopesticides' badanaa waxay u baahan tahay xaalado gaar ah oo aan had iyo jeer ku tiirsanayn beeralayda.
Wadamo kala duwan ayaa si kala duwan uga fikiraya dawooyinka xaq u leh in loogu yeedho biopesticides. Marka, Ruushka, qeexitaanka waxaa lagu bixiyay GOST R 56694-2015: kuwani waa "wax soo saarka difaaca bayoolaji ee loo isticmaalo in lagula dagaallamo cayayaanka dhirta la beero, kuwaas oo ah walxaha nool ama dabiiciga dabiiciga ah ee firfircoon ee dabiiciga ah ee firfircoon ee ay ka shaqeeyaan noolaha." Midawga Yurub, dawooyinka loo yaqaan 'biopesticides' waxaa lagu qeexaa "nooc sunta cayayaanka ku saleysan sunta sheyga ama waxyaabaha dabiiciga ah." Wakaaladda Ilaalinta Deegaanka ee Mareykanka, waxaa sii dheer u diyaargarowga microbiologia ku saleysan bakteeriyada, fangaska iyo fayraska, waxay sidoo kale u kala saaraysaa dhaqamada hidaha lagu beddelay kaas oo hiddo-wadaha microorganism lagu daray jeermis-dileyaasha. Tusaale ahaan, hidda-wadaha hiddo-wadaha ee bakteeriyada loo yaqaan 'Bacillus thuringiensis' oo loo isticmaalo sunta cayayaanka. Sidaas darteed, geedka laftiisu wuxuu soo saaraa sunta baabi'isa sheyga waxyeelada leh. Laakiin gudaha Maraykanka, dawooyinka sunta cayayaanka ee kiimikada ay ka kooban tahay noolaha waxa ka mid ah uun maaddooyinka xakamaynaya cayayaanka si gaar ah loo adeegsado astaamaha sunta (sida cayayaanka galmada cayayaanka ee ka hortaga iswada, uumi-baxa soo jiidata cayayaanka dabinka, saliidaha ka hortaga neefsashada, iwm). iwm).
Shirkadda "Agoosto" waxay sheegaysaa in isticmaalka walxaha nool ee faayras, bakteeriyada ama dabeecadda fungal ay yihiin wakiilo ilaaliya dhirta, marka la barbar dhigo alaabada kiimikada ah, waxay xaddidan tahay saddex arrimood oo waaweyn. Marka hore, waxay u baahan yihiin xaalado kaydineed oo gaar ah, maadaama ay badanaa "ka xumaadaan" heerkulka sare ama xun. Marka labaad, noloshooda shelf waa dhowr jeer, marmarka qaarna waa amar weyn, in ka yar kan CPSP. Pheromones, tusaale ahaan, waxaa lagu keydiyaa qaboojiyaha, iyo dhaqanka likaha trichoderma, oo leh saameyn murugo leh, xitaa waxaa qaadi doona beeraley karti u leh qaboojiyaha. Laakiin qodobka ugu muhiimsan ayaa ah midka saddexaad: waxtarka alaabooyinka "nool" waxay si weyn ugu xiran tahay xaaladaha deegaanka. Hadday yihiin kuwa aan fiicnayn, oo tartanka lala galo biota dabiiciga ah ee deegaanka uu weyn yahay, sunta cayayaanka lagu noolaado ayaa noqon karta mid aan waxtar lahayn.
“Biopesticides ahaan sida wax soo saarka microbiological ama synthesis plant wax badan kama duwana waxyaabaha ka hortagga dhirta kiimikada, marka laga reebo habka waxsoosaarka walaxda firfircoon. Iibsada alaabooyinka mararka qaar xitaa ma ogaanayaan inaysan asal ahaan ka soo jeedin, - ayuu yidhi Mikhail Danilov. - Tusaale ahaan, sunta loo yaqaan 'insectoacaricide abamectin', oo dila shilinta iyo cayayaanka waxyeelada leh, waa wax soo saar qashinka ah ee fangaska loo yaqaan 'Strom fun' Streptomyces avermitilis. Iyo in kasta oo ay u muuqato in "noolaha" amaan yahay, abamectin-ga naasleyda ayaa ah amar uun baaxad ahaan ka yar sunta potassium-ka.
Isla mar ahaantaana, adeegsiga saxda ah ee CPSP wuxuu xaqiijinayaa inaysan waxyeello u geysaneyn dabeecadda iyo bini aadamka. Daawooyinka laftooda ayaa hadda maraya tijaabooyin badan oo amniga la xiriira. Waxay qaadataa in kabadan hal sano laga bilaabo waqtiga walaxda firfircoon la tijaabiyo illaa iibinta shey ku saleysan. Ka sokow tijaabooyinka bayoolojiga ee sida tooska ah ula xiriira hubinta waxqabadka sheyga ka soo horjeeda sheyga waxyeelada leh, waxaa la sameeyaa baaritaanno badan oo toxicoloji ah. Isla mar ahaantaana, daawooyinka dib u dhaca ah ayaa ka taga suuqa. Ugu horreyntii, kuwani waa walxo leh adkeysi sare oo ku keydsan walxaha deegaanka muddo dheer, iyo sidoo kale kuwa u nugul tallaalka bio - uruurinta jirka ee uruurinta ka weyn inta ay joogaan deegaanka bannaanka. Marka labaad, kuwani waa walxaha sifooyinka toxicolojiga ay welwel ka qabaan.
“Dichlorodiphenyltrichloromethylmethane (DDT), oo ah sun aad u hooseeya, laakiin maanta laga mamnuucay dhammaan waddamada adduunka, ayaa loo adeegsaday ka hortagga kaneecada iyo cayayaanka waxaana la caddeeyay inuu aad u adkaysi u leeyahay sunta. Ciid ahaan, noloshiisa nuskeed waxay noqon kartaa wax ka badan 15 sano. Intaa waxaa u dheer, waxay leedahay heer aad u sarreeya oo ku tallaalidda dhirta. Silsiladda cuntada, silt - algae - qolofta - kalluunka - kalluunka saadaalinta leh, ayaa ururintiisa ay kordhay toban kun oo jeer. Isla mar ahaantaana, waa inaanan iloobin in muddo saddex sano ah ay DDT badbaadiyeen ilaa nus bilyan oo qof oo u dhinta cudurka duumada, ”Mikhail Danilov wuxuu tusaale u soo qaatay.
Diyaargarowyada khatarta ah ee difaaca geeda kiimikada waxay noqotaa markii si khaldan loo isticmaalo - marka ugu horeysa, marka sharciyada dalabka la jebiyo. Tani waxay sidoo kale khusaysaa caadooyinka iyo shuruudaha isticmaalka sunta cayayaanka, iyo isticmaalkooda dalagyada aan loogu talagalin - tusaale ahaan, astaamaha sunta dartood.
Marka la isticmaalayo sunta cayayaanka loo yaqaan 'organophosphate cayayaanka ama fungicides-ka loo yaqaan' benzimidazole fungicides 'oo ku saabsan qamadiga, ma jiri doonto hadhaaga hadhuudhka, laakiin u isticmaalidda inay ka ilaaliso saladh xawaashka iyo burcadka waa fal dambiyeed. Nasiib darrose, illaa iyo hadda ma aha in dhammaan alaabooyinka ku jira Xiriirka Ruushka loo eegay inay u hoggaansan yihiin caadooyinka ugu hadha ee la oggol yahay inay ku jiraan sunta cayayaanka iyo maaddada sunta khatarta ah ee asal ahaan dabiiciga ah, ”ayaa soo koobaya Mikhail Danilov.
Waxyaabaha ay bixiso adeegga saxaafadda ee shirkadda "Agoosto"