Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, cudurka anthracnose (bar madow, dhibic madow), oo uu keeno fungus Colletotrichum coccodes, ayaa ku faafay meelaha ugu muhiimsan ee beerashada baradhada. Soo-saareyaasha iyo cilmi-baarayaashu waxay muddo dheer u tixgeliyeen inuu yahay cudur yar oo aan muhiimad weyn lahayn. Laakiin waxyeellada sii kordhaysa ee ka soo horjeeda shuruudaha korodhka tayada digriiga labadaba qaab cusub iyo warshadaha wax soo saarka ayaa loo wareejiyay anthracnose qaybta cudur dhaqaale oo muhiim ah oo keena khasaare dhaqaale oo weyn. Sida laga soo xigtay daabacaadaha sayniska (Kuznetsova MA et al., 2020), gudaha Russia ilaa bartamihii 1950-meeyadii, anthracnose on baradhada ma ahayn mid baahsan. Ka dib waxaa si tartiib tartiib ah u kordhay cudurka. 1980-1985, waxyeelada dhirta baradhada ee anthracnose waxay u dhaxaysaa 5 ilaa 25%, 1986-1987 laga bilaabo 10 ilaa 35%, xagaagii kululaa iyo qalalan ee 1988, dhaawaca dushiisa wuxuu u dhexeeyay 10 ilaa 70%, 1989 - 5 ilaa 40%, 1990-2000 - laga bilaabo 3 ilaa 35%, 2001-2009 - laga bilaabo 2 ilaa 55%, xagaaga kulul iyo qalalan ee 2010 laga bilaabo 5 ilaa 100%, 2011-2019 - laga bilaabo 3 ilaa 65% Cilmi-baadhayaashu waxay isku raaceen in sababaha ugu waaweyn ee kororka waxyeelada anthracnose ay tahay soo dejinta walxaha wasakhaysan ee abuurka, ku faafa abuurka, waxyeellada digriiga inta lagu jiro beerashada makaanikada iyo hoos u dhac ku yimaada caabbinta dhirta ee ka soo horjeeda xaaladaha koritaanka aan fiicnayn. Anthracnose waxay si toos ah u dhimi kartaa wax-soo-saarka baradhada 12-30%, waxay hoos u dhigtaa tayada wax soo saarka iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay dhibco dibadda ah oo maqaarka ah, midab-beelka unugyada gudaha, waxayna u horseedi kartaa hoos u dhac ku yimaada suuq-geynta dalagga inta lagu jiro kaydinta.
Calaamadaha cudurka anthracnose. Fungus Colletotrichum coccodes waxay ka soo muuqan karaan digriiga baradhada, stolons, xididada, jirridda iyo caleemaha. Qaybaha dhulka sare ee dhirta, calaamadaha ugu horreeya ee anthracnose waxay u muuqdaan jaalle iyo qallajinta caleemaha. Isla mar ahaantaana, afkoda waxay ku sii jirayaan cagaar muddo dheer (sawirka 1). Anthracnose laguma ogaan karo huruudda caleemaha oo keliya. Qalajinta caleemaha baradhada waxaa keeni kara ma aha oo kaliya anthracnose, sclerotinia, pectobacteria, laakiin sidoo kale waxaa keena cercospora blight, alternaria blight, iyo verticillium wilt. Sababtoo ah muujinta wadajirka ah ee noocyada cusub ee caabuqyada, qallajinta hore ee dhirta baradhada ayaa si sii kordheysa loogu arkay wax soo saarka.
Qeybta labaad ee xilliga sii kordhaya, cudurku wuxuu saameeyaa afkoda. Marka hore, baro yaryar oo naxaas ah ayaa ka muuqda meesha caleemaha engegan ay ku dheggan yihiin (sawirka 2). Kadibna aagga ay dhibaatadu saameysey way balaadhaa (sawirka 3). Ka dib, dhibcuhu way kordhiyaan cabbirka waxaana ka muuqda dahaar cad oo mycelium ah. Unugyada asliga ah ee ka hooseeya mycelium ayaa midabkoodu ka beddelaa naxaas una beddelaa madow (sawirka 4,5). Qoryaha cad ee afkoda waxa kale oo keena rhizoctonia, sclerotinia, iyo qudhunka cawl.
Sawirka 2,3. Horumarinta anthracnose ee afkoda
Sawirka 4,5. Dahaarka cad ee anthracnose mycelium ee afkoda
Dhibcaha anthracnose sidoo kale waxay saameeyaan aagga dhulka hoostiisa ee afkoda. Waxay la mid yihiin midabka muujinta rhizoctonia (sawirka 6). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, rhizoctonia, si ka duwan anthracnose, xadka u dhexeeya unugyada ay saameeyeen iyo kuwa caafimaadka qaba ayaa aad u cad.
Iyadoo ay sii socoto horumarinta anthracnose ee qaybta dhulka hoostiisa ee geedka ee goobta dhaawaca soo gaadhay afkoda, stolons, iyo xididada, dusha sare ayaa qudhun, diiray oo si fudud loo kala soocaa (sawirka 7). Marka qoyaanku sarreeyo, waxyeelladu waxay qaadataa midab khafiif ah oo guduudan.
Jirrada dhaawacantay ayaa si fudud dhulka looga soo saaraa. Goobta caabuqa ee afkoda, microsclerotia badan oo madow ayaa la sameeyay (sawirka 8). Sidaa darteed magaca Ingiriisiga ee cudurka - dhibic madow (dhibic madow). Laakiin tani sidoo kale maaha calaamad gaar ah; Sclerotia sidoo kale waxaa sameeyay verticillium iyo qudhunka cad.
Calaamadaha cudurka anthracnose ee digriiga aad ayey u kala duwan yihiin. Markii hore kuwani waa cawl, dhibco qallafsan oo diirka ah. Inta lagu jiro kaydinta, midab qalin ah ayaa soo baxaya (sawirka 9). Si ka duwan qolof qalin ah, dhibcooyinka anthracnose aad ayay uga soocan yihiin diirka caafimaadka qaba, microsclerotia ayaa ka muuqda dhibcaha (sawirka 10). Bar madaw oo caadi ah oo leh dhibco buni ah oo qalin ah ayaa ka soo muuqda dusha sare ee tuberka oo ay ka buuxaan microsclerotia yar oo madow oo dhan dhammaan unugyada buka. Digriiga aadka u saameeyay way laalaabaan, maqaarka si fudud ayaa looga jeexjeexay dusha sare, halkaasoo sclerotia yar yar ay sidoo kale ka sameysan tahay. Dusha sare ee digriiga waa mid aan sinnayn oo bararsan. Marka la gooyo digriiga ay dhibaatadu saameysey, unug midabkoodu bunni ah ayaa la raadin karaa qoto dheer oo ah 0.5-0.8 cm; waqti ka dib, dhibco niyadjabsan ayaa soo baxaya. Inta lagu jiro soo-baxa muddada-dheer ee xaaladaha kaydinta, calaamadaha cudurku waxay ku faafaan dhammaan tuber-ka, unugyo ooyaya, samaynta xab-xabeedka iyo burburinta dhamaystiran ee digriigaas oo kale.
Sawirka 9. Calaamadaha iyo sclerotia ee anthracnose ee digriiga
Iyadoo horumarinta xooggan ee anthracnose, dhibco niyadjabsan, dillaaca diirka, dhaawaca mugdiga ah ee giraanta xididdada xididada iyo saxarka digriiga ayaa la xusay, kuwaas oo ka duwan cudurada kale ee tuber (blight phomosis, fusarium, ditylenchosis), laakiin maaha gaar ah. Calaamadaha muuqda ee marxaladan kuma filna in lagu aqoonsado cudur-sidaha (sawirka 11).
Ilaha caabuqa iyo arrimaha horumarinta anthracnose. Caabuqa baradhada leh C. coccodes waxa sababi kara ciidda, digriiga iyo inoculum hawada laga qaado. Inoculum ciidda, sida caadiga ah, ayaa ka dhib badan inoculum tuber. Ciidda dhexdeeda, fungusku wuxuu u jiri karaa sida sclerotia ama sida conidia heerar aan la ogaan karin. Markii hore, waxaa la rumaysan yahay in sclerotia ay ku noolaato ciidda in ka badan 4 sano; hadda waxaa jira sheegashooyin ah in muddadan la kordhiyay ilaa 8-15 sano. Cudur-sidaha cudur-sidaha wuxuu ku baaba'aa qaabka sclerotia ee dusha sare ee digriiga ay saameeyeen, qashinka dhirta iyo ciidda. Xilliga gu'ga, kudka ayaa ku abuurma qashinka dhirta, digriiga waxayna ku faafaan dhibco qoyaan ah oo ku jira ciidda iyo geedka. Inta lagu jiro xagaaga, kudka waxay ku soo baxaan qoyaan dareere ah waxayna awood u leeyihiin inay qaadaan dhammaan qaybaha geedka. Dib u caabuqa dhirtu waxay dhacdaa marar badan inta lagu jiro xilliga; kudka waxaa ku faafa dabaysha, cayayaanka, iyo dhibcaha roobka. C. Coccodes waxay inta badan weeraraan bardhada afkoda iyo unugyada kale horaanta xilliga sii kordhaya, laakiin calaamadaha chlorosis iyo necrosis caleen, iyo sidoo kale calaamadaha pathogene ee qaabka sclerotia, inta badan ma muuqdaan ilaa xad dambe ee xilliga sii kordhaya.
Digriiga iniinaha infekshanku badanaa waa isha bilowga ah ee caabuqa carrada iyo isha muhimka ah ee caabuqa xididada, saxarada iyo digriiga gabadha. Qayb kasta oo ka mid ah dusha tuberka waxaa lagu qaadi karaa C. coccodes taasina waxay u horseedi kartaa infekshan dambe oo asliga ah. Suurtagal maaha in la ogaado dhammaan caabuqyada ku jira dufcaddii, sababtoo ah fungusku wuxuu qabsan karaa qayb yar oo ka mid ah dusha sare ama wuxuu ku yaalaa gudaha tuberka. Abuurka aan lahayn calaamadaha muuqda ee C. coccodes ayaa laga yaabaa inay qaadaan. Fungus-ku wuxuu si tartiib tartiib ah u gumaystaa ciidda walxaha abuurka, isaga oo ka fogaanaya tuberka cudurka qaba qiyaasta 1 mm maalintii. Caabuqa ku dhaca iniinta hooyadu waxay saamayn joogto ah ku yeelataa caabuqa faraca, iyo infekshankan ka dhasha iniinta hooyadu waxay bilaabataa wax yar ka dib marka la beero. Digriiga abuurka leh caabuqa dibadeed waxay soo saaraan tubers gabdho leh inta jeer ee ugu badan iyo darnaanta caabuqa, iyo sidoo kale caabuqa asliga ah iyo tirada digriiga ay saamaysay dhamaadka saxarada. Heerar la mid ah cudur ayaa ka soo baxa digriiga iyo afkoda dhirta ka soo baxda digriiga caafimaadka qaba laakiin u dhow digriiga abuurka leh caabuq gudaha ama dibadda ah. Anthracnose mycelium wuxuu ka guuraa carrada laga soo bilaabo digriiga abuurka cudurka qaba ilaa digriiga gabadha dhirta deriska ah. Ma jiro wax xidhiidh ah oo ka dhexeeya caabuqa dusha tuberka iyo caabuqa gudaha. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhammaan digriiga qaba caabuqyada gudaha ayaa sidoo kale lahaa caabuqyo dibadda ah. Caabuqa xididdada dhiigga ee C. coccodes ee digriiga abuurka ayaa walaac gaar ah leh sababtoo ah caabuqa xididdada dhiigga uma badna in lagu xakameeyo daawaynta digriiga cudurka qaba ee fungicides lagu mariyo oogada tuberka.
Maxaa sababa dhaawaca - abuur wasakhaysan, ciidda wasakhaysan, gudbinta hawada? Tan waxaa lagu go'aamin karaa astaamaha nabarka qaarkood. Nabarada hawadu waxay la mid yihiin muuqalka Alternaria blight, laakiin faraanti isku urursan kuma dhisna gudaha nabarka. Gobollada u nugul duufaannada boodhka, waxaa jira khatar sare oo ah infekshanka caleenta habkan, maaddaama boogaha ciidda ay bixiyaan meelo laga soo galo fungus. Inta jeer ee badan ee caabuqa digriiga ee dhamaadka saxarada waxay muujinaysaa in caabuqa aasaasiga ah ee tubers gabadhu uu dhacay sababtoo ah dhexgalka pathogene ee stolons, i.e. ka tuber hooyada. Mid ka mid ah daraasadda, beer ayaa lagu beeray iniinno nadiif ah oo u muuqda carro cusub, laakiin waxay ogaadeen in inta u dhaxaysa 15 iyo 88% tubers gabdhaha ay wasakhoobeen.
Haddii isha ugu weyni ay tahay ciidda, ka dibna horumarinta microsclerotia ee digriiga waxay u dhacdaa si aan kala sooc lahayn oo dhan dusha sare ee digriiga. Calaamadaha bar madow waxay la soo baxaan soo noqnoqoshada sare ee unugyada xididka (60 ilaa 90%) taariikhda qiimeynta ugu horreysa 5 toddobaad ka dib markii la beero, iyadoon loo eegin heerka inoculum (hoos ama sare), laakiin xagga afkoda dhulka hoostiisa cudurku wuxuu muuqdaa waqtigan wax aan micno lahayn ama gebi ahaanba maqan. . Daraasad la mid ah oo lagu eegay inoculum tuber-borne inoculum ayaa lagu ogaaday in calaamadaha xididdada iyo stolons lagu ogaan karo wakhtiga abuuritaanka, halka calaamadaha caleemaha ay soo baxeen qiyaastii 7 ilaa 10 toddobaad ka dib tallaalka. Daraasado lagu sameeyay xaaladaha kobaca ganacsiga ee Gobolka Washington (USA) ayaa muujiyay in C. coccodes ay u muuqdaan sida ugu horeysa 15 maalmood ka dib marka ay soo baxaan afkoda dhulka korka ah, iyo ka dib, 22 maalmood ka dib soo bixitaanka, ee jirridda dhulka hoostiisa; si kastaba ha ahaatee, xaddi badan oo caabuq ah ayaa guud ahaan ka go'doonsan jirridda dhulka hoostiisa taariikhaha muunada ee xiga.
In tijaabo field ee Scotland, gumeysiga C. coccodes ee unugyada xididka laga helay dhirta micropropagated cudur-free waxay la mid tahay xididada laga helay digriiga abuur muuqaal nadiif ah iyo mid cilladaysan labadaba markii la qiimeeyay horraantii xilli-kordhinta, laakiin aad ayuu u hooseeyay markii dambe. taariikhda muunad. Tijaabooyinkii Idaho, gumeysiga unugyada asliga ah ee C. coccodes ee ka sarreeya iyo dhulka hoostiisa ayaa ka sarreeyay inta jeer ee gumeysiga stolons iyo xididdada. Isbeddelkan ayaa sii socday iyadoon loo eegin in caabuqa uu ka dhashay wasakhowga ciidda, digriiga abuurka, ama tallaalka caleenta. Tani waxay ka duwan tahay cilmi-baaris hore oo muujisay in calaamadaha cudurka madaxa madow lagu ogaan karo marka hore unugyada xididka marka la barbardhigo unugyada kale ee dhirta ee la qiimeeyay. Daraasado kala duwan ayaa lagu qiimeeyay arrimo kala duwan: darnaanta calaamadaha ama gumeysiga unugyada fungus, taas oo ah sababta ugu badan ee khilaafaadka. Guud ahaan waa la aqbalay in caabuqyada C. Coccodes ay ku sii qarsoon yihiin in muddo dheer ah afkoda marka loo eego xididada iyo saxarada.
Cilmi-baadhisyo is barbar dhig ku sameeyay saamaynta ciidda iyo iniinuhu waxay muujiyeen in caabuqa ka dhasha carrada uu keeno dhibco madow oo ka badan kuwa abuurka ka dhasha. Marka la eego xaaladaha gudaha gudaha England, heerarka kala duwan ee tuber inoculum abuurka ayaa keentay in caabuqa anthracnose uu kordhay saldhigyada asliga ah iyo xididdada, laakiin maaha mid la mid ah heerka infekshanka tuberka abuurka, halka heerka wasakheynta ciidda uu si firfircoon u saadaaliyay heerka caabuqa anthracnose. Kordhinta qadarka inoculum ciidda waxay kordhisaa darnaanta cudurka, oo ay ku jiraan necrosis caleen iyo chlorosis, iyo sidoo kale horumarinta sclerosis ee xididdada iyo afkoda.
Ogaanshaha sida beeruhu ugu wasakhaysan yihiin inoculum dhibic madow waxay caawisaa go'aannada ku saabsan xulashada goobta, isticmaalka beerista fungicidal, ama noocyada kala duwan ee lagu beero beer gaar ah. Anthracnose, hab baaris sax ah ayaa la sameeyay, oo ku saleysan falanqaynta DNA-da PCR, iyo xiriirka ka dhexeeya heerka inoculum ee ciidda iyo khatarta cudurka baradhada ayaa la sameeyay. Habka muunada ciidda ee baaritaanka anthracnose wuxuu la mid yahay baaritaanka nematode. Bartilmaameedka DNA-da anthracnose waxaa cabiray PCR waxaana lagu muujiyey sida pg DNA/g ciidda (pg-picogram ama trillionth of garaam). Natiijooyinka baaritaanka carrada waxay u kala saarayaan khatarta mid hoose (0-100 pg DNA/g ciidda), dhexdhexaad ah (101-1000 pg DNA/g ciidda) iyo sare (> 1000 pg DNA / g ciidda) oo ku saleysan tijaabada go'aamisay saamaynta ciidda wasakhowga baradhada. Haddii qiimihiisu hooseeyo, waxaa jirta khatar yar oo ah heerarka cudur-sidaha ee anthracnose oo saamaynaya suuqa. Haddii heerku sarreeyo, waxaa jirta khatar sare oo ah in suuq-geynta qayb weyn oo digriiga ka mid ah ay yaraato haddii aan la qaadin tillaabooyin yareynta khatarta ah (Jaantuska 13). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qaababka horumarinta anthracnose ee cilmi-baarisyo badan ayaa u soo baxay inay noqdaan kuwo iska soo horjeeda, iyo infekshanka ciidda ama walxaha abuurku had iyo jeer ma keeno hoos u dhac u dhigma dhalidda iyo tayada digriiga. Xaqiiqdu waxay tahay in cawaaqibka caabuqa anthracnose uu ugu dambeyntii had iyo jeer ku xiran yahay isku-dhafka gaarka ah ee xaaladaha dibadda iyo sifooyinka beeraha ee xaaladaha wax soo saarka.
Heerkulka ugu fiican ee koritaanka C. coccodes hyphae waa 24 оC. Samaynta sclerotia iyo caabuqa ku xiga ee nudaha dhirta waxa ay ku dhacdaa heerkul balaadhan oo kala duwan. Calaamadaha laguma arag digriiga heerkulka 15 оC, laakiin heerkulkan tiro badan oo afkoda cudurka qaba ayaa la helay. Hawada iyo iftiinka ayaa sidoo kale saameeya biqilka sclerotia. Conidia waxay ku samaysmeen tiro aad u badan marka loo eego sclerotia ee dhulka sare.
Anthracnose waxaa inta badan lala xiriiriyaa carrada ciidda fudud, heerkulka sare iyo biya-baxa xun. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, kala duwanaanshaha dhaawaca ee dhirta walaacsan ayaa ka dhigaysa mid adag in la ogaado isbeddellada saameynta abiotic iyo biotics ee horumarinta cudurrada. Dalka Maraykanka, roobabka xad dhaafka ah, waraabka iyo kulaylka oo hooseeya horaantii xilli ciyaareedka oo ay ku xigto abaar dabadheer ayaa horseeday faafitaanka cudurka. In England, waraabka ayaa hoos u dhigay caabuqa afkoda, xididdada iyo digriiga ilaa 18 toddobaad ka dib markii la beero, laakiin waxa ay kordhisay marxaladaha dambe. Israa'iil, halkaas oo dhammaan dalagyada si joogto ah loo waraabiyo, dhacdooyinka cudurrada iyo luminta dhalidda ayaa lagu arkay heerkul sarreeya iyo carro yar oo qallalan.
Dhammaan noocyada baradhada waxay u nugul yihiin C. coccodes, laakiin heerar kala duwan. Daraasado shisheeye ayaa muujiyay in noocyada maqaarka khafiifka ah ay aad ugu nugul yihiin anthracnose marka loo eego noocyada maqaarka maqaarka. Waxaa jira farqi weyn oo u dhexeeya noocyada inta jeer ee gumeysiga asliga ah iyo darnaanta dhaawaca dusha sare ee digriiga. Farqiga u dhexeeya jirridda asliga ah iyo tuberka ayaa lagu arkay qaar ka mid ah cultivars, tusaale ahaan Desiree wuxuu lahaa heerka ugu hooseeya ee caabuqa asliga ah laakiin mid ka mid ah heerarka ugu sarreeya ee caabuqa tuberka. Darnaanta infekshanku waa ka sarreeyaa noocyada hore maadaama digriiga ay la xiriiraan inoculum ciidda muddo dheer. Kala duwanaanshuhu waxay ku dhacaan noocyada hore iyo kuwa dambe labadaba, iyagoo soo jeedinaya saameynta hidde-sideyaasha. Xiriirka Ruushka, daraasado gaar ah ayaa lagu sameeyay caabbinta noocyada baradhada ee anthracnose. Tusaale ahaan, la socodka VIZR ee walxaha tuber ee qaybaha sare ee gobolka Waqooyi-Galbeed waxay muujisay in noocyada ugu yar ee ay saameeyeen anthracnose ay ahaayeen Gala, Lomonosovsky, Eurasia, Labadiya iyo Sudarynya, iyo kuwa ugu nugul waxay ahaayeen Nevsky, Red Scarlett, Charodey iyo Alouette.
Dhacdooyinka anthracnose ee digriiga way ka sarreeyaan hal ilaa saddex sano oo wareeg ah dalagga baradhada. Dhacdooyinka anthracnose ayaa si weyn hoos ugu dhacaya marka tirada sannadaha u dhexeeya dalagyada baradhada ay korodho. C. Coccodes waxaa laga helaa beeraha aan baradhada lahayn 10 iyo 15 sano, laakiin heerarka caabuqa ayaa hoos u dhacaya ka dib 6 ama ka badan oo aan la soo saarin baradhada. Noocyo badan oo ka mid ah dhirta la beero iyo haramaha ayaa saameeya anthracnose, waxay u dhaqmaan sidii dhirta martida loo yahay waxayna gacan ka geystaan sii jirista infekshanka muddada dheer ee ciidda. Daraasado shisheeye ayaa muujiyay in ay leedahay noocyo kala duwan oo marti-gal ah, oo ay ku jiraan ugu yaraan 58 nooc iyo 17 qoys, oo ay ugu horreeyaan khudaarta ka soo jeeda qoyska nightshade - yaanyo, eggplant, basbaaska cas, tubaakada. Laakiin karootada, basasha, brokoliga, salaar, miis iyo dabocase sonkorta, abuurka kufsiga, iyo mustard jaalaha ah ayaa sidoo kale saameeya. Qamadiga, galleyda, soybeanka, gabbaldayaha, badarka, digirta, iyo digirta uma nugula cudurka. Alaabooyinka qudhunka ah ee ay sii daayaan noocyada dhirta qaarkood - dhirta cruciferous, clover macaan, lupine, haruurka-sudanese hybrid - waxay yareeyaan koritaanka noocyo badan oo fangaska pathogenic ah. Digada cagaaran ee leh dalagyada biofumigant waxay yareeyaan darnaanta anthracnose.
Qaar badan oo haramaha ah (nightshade madow, beer bindweed, piigweed cad, kiishashka adhijirka, shabag caadiga ah, knotweed, heliotrope Yurub, iwm) waxay keeni kartaa in ay korodho qadarka inoculum ama waxay u adeegi kartaa sida isha inoculum aasaasiga ah ee baradhada. C. coccodes inoculum wuxuu ku nool yahay ciidda kaliya maaha noocyada kale ee dhirta martida loo yahay, laakiin sidoo kale digriiga baradhada ee ku haray beerta goosashada ka dib. Waxay biqilaan sanadka soo socda waxayna ururiyaan cuduro badan. Digriiga baradhada haramaha ah ayaa sii jiri kara dhowr sano ka dib goosashada bilowga ah. Xakamaynta iskaa wax u qabso, i.e. baradhada iskaa wax u qabso ah ayaa muhiim u ah dhimista qadarka inoculum aasaasiga ah ee anthracnose ee ciidda.
Cadaadiska dhirta ee ay keento yaraanta nafaqada ama dheelitir la'aanta waxay sidoo kale kordhin kartaa gumeysiga anthracnose ee xididdada baradhada. Tijaabooyin la kantaroolay, nitrogen ayaa la bixiyay 5, 40, 160, iyo 640 ppm si loo dhaliyo yaraanta nitrogen iyo culayska nitrogen ee xad-dhaafka ah ee dhirta. Dhirta xididaysan ayaa lagu tallaalay xannibaadda xadhkaha C. coccodes. Gumeysiga nidaamyada xididka ayaa ugu weynaa heerka ugu hooseeya ee nitrogen (5 ppm). Gumeysiga xididka ayaa hoos u dhacay iyadoo xoogga N uu kordhay ilaa 160 ppm, taas oo ahayd heerka ugu wanaagsan N, ka dibna wuxuu kordhay markii N uu kordhay 640 ppm. Marka la baarayo potassium, gumeysiga xididka ugu weyn wuxuu dhacay heerka ugu hooseeya ee potassium (0 mg K) wuxuuna hoos u dhacay iyadoo xoogga potassium uu kordhay ilaa 80 mg K (heerka K ugu fiican), ka dibna wax yar ayuu kordhay markii xoojinta potassium uu kordhay 160 mg K. Isla qaabka ayaa sidoo kale la arkay markii la tijaabiyay fosfooraska. Gumeysiga xididka ugu weyn wuxuu dhacay heerka ugu hooseeya ee P (0,032 mL) ka dibna hoos ayuu u dhacay iyadoo xoogga P uu kordhay heerka ugu fiican ee P (1,00 mL). Sidaa darteed, xididdada baradhada waxaa si aad ah u gumaysta fangaska dhibicda madow marka dhirta ay ku adkeystaan la'aanta iyo xad-dhaafka ah ee nitrogen, potassium, iyo fosfooraska marka loo eego marka dhirta ay leeyihiin heerarka ugu wanaagsan ee nafaqo kasta oo la heli karo.
Waraabka baradhada ka dib marka dushooda ay engegaan waxay kordhisaa soo noqnoqda iyo darnaanta dhaawaca tuberka ee anthracnose ugu yaraan laba jeer. Darnaanta caabuqa tuber-ka iyo tirada digriiga ee uu saameeyay dhamaadka saxarada ayaa si aad ah uga sarreeya digriiga ka soo baxa dhirta sare ee biyaha marka loo eego kuwa ka soo baxa dhirta hoose ee la waraabiyo. Biyaha hoos ugu soo qulqulaya carrada waxay door weyn ka ciyaaraan ka raridda inoculum iniinada tuberka cudurka qaba una guurto tuberka gabadha.
Cilmi baaris ayaa sidoo kale muujisay in dhacdooyinka iyo darnaanta anthracnose ay ku korodho digriiga aan la dhaqin marka lagu kaydiyo 15 оC marka loo eego 5 оC iyo in goor hore oo la goosto iyo kaydinta digriiga qallalan ay ka hortagi karto ama ay yarayn karto dhacdada cudurka. Horumarinta bar madow ee digriiga waa la yareeyaa marka dalagga isla markiiba la qaboojiyo marka la barbardhigo digriiga lagu hayo 12 ° C 10 maalmood ka hor qaboojinta. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa muhiim ah in si habboon loo qalajiyo dalagga si looga fogaado horumarinta qudhunka. Inta lagu jiro kaydinta muddada dheer, ma jiro farqi u dhexeeya muuqaalka cudurka ee digriiga lagu hayo heerkul ah 2,5 ° C ama 3,5 ° C.
Doorashooyinka maaraynta anthracnose baradhada waxay ka kooban yihiin isticmaalka farsamooyinka ka hortagga iyo ilaalinta fungicides. Mid ka mid ah mabaadi'da ugu muhiimsan ee xakamaynta barta madow waa in la yareeyo qadarka inoculum ee ciidda iyada oo loo marayo saameynta wareegga dalagga, ka saarista haraaga dalagga, baradhada cawska iyo haramaha. Xitaa wareegga dalagga ugu dheer ee dalagyada aan martida loo ahayn (tusaale ahaan, badarka, soybeans ama galleyda) si buuxda uma wanaajin ciidda (maadaama anthracnose microsclerotia ay ku sii jirto berrinka ilaa 8-15 sano), laakiin waxay hoos u dhigtaa heerka inoculum dhowr jeer.
Si looga hortago loona yareeyo dhacdooyinka cudurkan, waa in la qaado tallaabooyinka soo socda:
1. Xulashada noocyo leh caabbinta sare ee anthracnose, ka fogaanshaha beerashada noocyada u nugul ee beeraha cudurka;
2. Isticmaal abuurka shahaado ka soo saarayaasha sumcadda leh oo ku tijaabi goobta ama kaydinta ka hor intaadan iibsan. Ka fogow abuurka wasakhaysan ee noocyo badan oo u nugul. Shuruucda shahaado siinta baradhada abuurka ee dhammaan wadamada hadda ma bixiyaan nidaaminta anthracnose, maadaama aysan jirin xiriir toos ah oo u dhexeeya dhaawaca tuberka hooyada iyo horumarinta caabuqa digriiga gabadha. Baadhitaanno lagu sameeyay shaybaarro leh calaamadaha kudka caleemaha ee lagu sameeyay Federaalka Ruushka iyadoo la adeegsanayo habka PCR ayaa muujisay in 96 ka mid ah shaybaarrada, 5 kaliya ay saameeyeen anthracnose. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, gudaha Maraykanka iyo UK, dhacdooyinka C. coccodes ee digriiga abuurka la xaqiijiyay waxay u dhaxaysaa 0 ilaa 90% iyo 0 ilaa 75%, siday u kala horreeyaan. Abuurka wasakhaysan ee dibedda laga keeno ayaa ah kanaalka ugu weyn ee faafinta anthracnose ee gobollada beeraleyda baradhada ee Federaalka Ruushka;
3. Tijaabi walxaha abuur C. coccodes si loo go'aamiyo baahida daaweynta fungicides. Ha ku beerin iniin cudurka qaba meel nadiif ah oo aan anthracnose lahayn;
4. Iska ilaali in aad baradho ku beerto carro aan si liidata u miirin;
5. Samaynta alwaaxdda sabuuradaha aasaasiga ah waxay hubisaa isku-darka qoto-dheer ee hadhaaga geedka iyo qudhunkooda;
6. Codsiga dheelitiran oo ku filan ee bacriminta;
7. Iska ilaali biyaha xad dhaafka ah, gaar ahaan noocyada u nugul iyo kuwa soo daaha. Yaraynta tirada biyaha inta u dhaxaysa qallajinta iyo goosashada
8. Goynta digriiga sida ugu dhakhsaha badan ka dib marka la qalajiyo dusha sare;
9. Qaboojinta degdega ah ee baradhada ee kaydinta. Xakamaynta saxda ah ee heerkulka iyo qoyaanka inta lagu jiro kaydinta. Heerkulka sare iyo uumiga dusha sare ee tuberka ayaa gacan ka geysta cudurka;
10. Ciidda biofumigation leh digada cagaarka ah ee iniin khardal cad, dabocase saliideed, dhir macaan, isku-dhafka hadhuudhka-Sudan.
Haddii caabuqa anthracnose lagu arko digriiga iyo ciidda, waa in la isticmaalo fungicides khaas ah.
Kahortagga kiimikaad ee ka hortagga anthracnose. Muddo dheer, fungicides leh azoxysrobin ayaa ahaa habka kaliya ee lagu xakameynayo caabuqa ciidda. Tijaabooyin badan, azoxystrobin oo lagu dabaqay codsiga in-furrow marka la beero ama lagu daro carrada ayaa muujisay hoos u dhac joogto ah ee anthracnose. Daaweyntani waxay dib u dhigaysaa horumarinta cudurka dhowr toddobaad. Maadaama Azoxystrobin uu yahay strobirulin (FRAC class 11), oo awood u leh inuu keeno iska caabin, i.e. iska caabinta cudurada faafa ee ku jira, mawduucan ayaa si firfircoon looga hadlay, gaar ahaan soo saarayaasha tartamaya ee alaabta ilaalinta dhirta.
Hadda, liiska molecules firfircoon ee loo isticmaalo ka hortagga anthracnose si weyn ayaa loo ballaariyay, tan iyo markii ay caddaatay in infekshanka baradhada uu dhaco inta lagu jiro xilliga sii kordhaya. Azoxystrobin ayaa weli ah bartilmaameedka waxtarka leh ee ka hortagga anthracnose, laakiin waa in aan la isticmaalin wax ka badan hal mar xilli kasta. Liistada ugu ballaaran ee fungicides-ka lidka ku ah anthracnose waxay ka diiwaan gashan tahay Mareykanka (Shaxda 14). Dhowr diyaargarow ayaa lagula talinayaa in lagu codsado dhogorta xilliga beeritaanka, inta soo hartay - inta lagu jiro xilliga koritaanka baradhada.
Shaxda 14. Liiska fungicides ee lagu xakameynayo anthracnose baradhada, USA, 2021
Dot Madoow | azoksistrobin | 6.0 - 15.5 fl oz Aframe, isla'egta, Quadris Flowable, Satori, Willowood Azoxy 2SC | 14 |
Ha dhaafin hal codsi oo ah kooxda 11 fungicide ka hor intaadan ku badalin fungicide ka kooban qaab ficil oo ka duwan Quadris iyo Cinwaanka waa Kooxda 11 fungicides.
Quadris Opti waa kooxda 11 iyo Kooxda M fungicide. |
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Azoxystrobin + chlorothalonil | 1.6 pt Quadris Opti | 14 | |||
Azoxystrobin + difenoconazole | 8.0 - 14.0 fl oz Quadris Top | 14 | |||
pyraclostrobin | 6.0 - 9.0 fl oz Headline SC, EC | 3 | |||
Azoxystrobin + benzovindiflupyr | 0.34 - 0.5 oz Eltus/1,000 ft saf | 14 | Codso in-furrow marka aad ku dhex beerayso xadhig cidhiidhi ah oo ka sarreeya qaybta abuur. Ha dhaafin 9.5 oz/a sida codsiga banded. | ||
chlorothalonil | 1.0 – 1.5 pt Bravo Cimilada Stik Echo 720 1.5 – 2.25 pt Bravo Zn, Equus 500 Zn 0.875 – 1.25 lb Echo 90DF, Echo Zn 0.9 – 1.36 lb Bravo Ultrex 82.5W |
7 7 7 7
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Ogsoonow xaddidaadaha isticmaalka xilliyeedka ee summada. Calaamadeynta hadda ee isticmaalka sanadlaha ah ee chlorothalonil ee Wisconsin waxay u oggolaaneysaa 11.2 lb ai/a Bravo alaabta (Ultrex, WeatherStik, Zn) (diiwaangelinta gaarka ah ee W! waxay dhacaysaa 12/31/17, si kastaba ha ahaatee dib u cusboonaysiinta ayaa socota - fadlan hubi DATCP liisaska diiwaangelinta gaarka ah ) iyo 16.0 lb ai/a alaabta Echo (Zn, 720, 90DF) (Diiwangelinta WI gaarka ah waxay dhacaysaa 12/31/20). | ||
chlorothalonil + cymoxanil | 2.0 pt Ariston | 14 | Codso 7- ilaa 14 maalmood gudahood. Isticmaal waqti gaaban marka dhirtu si degdeg ah u korto oo xaaladaha cudurku aad u daran yihiin. | ||
cymoxanil + famoxadone | 6.0 - 8.0 oz Tanos | 14 | Waxay maamushaa dhowr cudur oo kale. Raac tilmaamaha maaraynta iska caabinta. Cabudhinta. | ||
difenoconazole | 5.5 - 7.0 fl oz ugu sarreeya MP | 14 | Raac tilmaamaha maaraynta iska caabinta. | ||
Dhibic Madow (waa socotaa) | fenamidone | 5.5 - 8.2 fl oz Sababta | 14 | Waxay maamushaa dhowr cudur oo kale. Raac tilmaamaha maaraynta iska caabinta. Waayo, cabudhinta. | |
fluopyram + pyrimethanil | 11.2 fl oz xasiloonida Luna (xakamaynta) | 7 | Bilow codsiyada fungicides si ka hortag ah. Ha dalban wax ka badan 43.6 fl oz/a xilli kasta. Ha samaynin wax ka badan 2 codsi oo xidhiidhsan koox kasta 7 ama 9 ka hor intaadan ku wareejinin fungicide ka socda koox kale. | ||
fluoxastrobin | 0.16 – 0.24 fl oz/1,000 ft safka gariir kadib, Evito 480 SC 6.1 – 9.2 oz/a Tepera | 7 | Raac tilmaamaha maaraynta iska caabinta. | ||
flutolanil | 0.71 - 1.1 lb Moncut 70-DF | daawaynta goobta-beeraha | Toos ugu buufi si isku mid ah agagaarka ama ka badan iniinaha 4-ilaa 8-inch band ka hor inta aanad ku daboolin ciidda. | ||
fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin | 4.0 - 8.0 fl oz Priaxor | 7 | Samee wax ka badan 3 codsi/hal xilli. Codso wax ka badan 24.0 fl oz/a xilli kasta. | ||
mancozeb | 0.4 – 1.6 qt Dithane F45 4F 0.5 – 2.0 lb Dithane M45, Penncozeb 80WP, Penncozeb 75DF 1.0 – 2.0 lb Dithane 75DF Rainshield NT, Koverall, Manzate 200 75 |
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3
3 |
Ha dhaafin wadarta 11.2 lb ai/a EBDC xilli-kordhinta. Qalabka EBDC waxaa ka mid ah maneb, mancozeb, iyo metiram. | ||
mefentrifluconazole | 3.0 - 5.0 fl oz Provysol | 7 | Ha dalban wax ka badan 5.0 fl oz (0.13lb) / acre kasta codsi kasta. Ha lab ka badan codsiyada 5.0 fl oz ama | ||
Dhibic Madow (waa socotaa) | 5 codsi oo ah 3.0 fl oz acre sannadkii. | ||||
metaconazole | 2.5 - 4.0 oz Quash | 1 | Ha samaynin wax ka badan 4 codsi xilli kasta. Ha lab in ka badan 2 codsi oo xidhiidhsan. Ha codsan wax ka badan 16.0 oz/a xilli kasta. | ||
pentiopyrad | 10.0 - 24.0 fl oz Vertisan | 7 | Ha dhaafin 72.0 fl oz/a sannadkii. Samee wax ka badan 2 codsi oo xiriir ah ee Vertisan ka hor intaadan u wareegin fungicide leh hab ficil ka duwan. | ||
pydiflumetofen + fludioxonil | 9.2 - 11.4 fl oz Miravis Prime | 14 | Cadaadiska dhibicda madow kaliya. Ha ku codsan wax ka badan 2 codsi sannadkii hawada. Ha codsan in ka badan 34.2 fl oz acre sannadkii. | ||
pyraclostrobin + metiram | 2.0 - 2.9 lb Cabrio Plus | 3 | Ha labeynin wax ka badan 2 codsiyo xiriir ah ka hor intaadan u beddelin koox aan Kooxda ahayn 11 ama M3 fungicide. | ||
zoxamide + chlorothalonil | 32.0 - 34.0 fl oz Zing | 7 | Ha samaynin wax ka badan 2 codsi oo xidhiidhsan ka hor inta aanad u beddelin qaab kale oo ficil ah. |
Laga bilaabo 2023, maaddooyinka firfircoon ee pentachloronyltrobenzine, mandipropamide + difeconazole, azoxystrobin + mancozeb, mefentrifluconazole + pyraclostrobin ayaa sidoo kale lagu ansixiyay Maraykanka. Inta badan daawooyinka liiska iyo isku-dhafka molecules-ka firfircoon ayaa loo oggol yahay in loo isticmaalo Federaalka Ruushka ee ka hortagga cudurrada soo daaha iyo beddelka.
Burburka xagjirka ah ee anthracnose iyadoo la adeegsanayo ka hortagga fungicidal lama gaarin. Tan waxaa lagu sharaxay wareegga koritaanka fidsan ee cudurka iyo caabuqa ka yimaada ilo kala duwan: iyada oo loo marayo abuurka, ciidda iyo dhibcaha hawada. Si kastaba ha ahaatee hoos u dhaca heerka horumarinta cudurku waa mid aad u muhiim ah - kala badh (Shaxda 15). Wax-soo-saarka baradhada ee asalka beeralayda sare ee fursadaha ilaalinta ugu fiican (daawaynta caleenta marka lagu daro codsiga ciidda) waxay kordhisaa 11-14 t/ha.
Shaxda 15. Saamaynta ciidda iyo codsiga foliar ee fungicides ee horumarinta anthracnose, kala duwan Russet Burbank, 2012
Daaweynta HADDII=cadho F=foliar @20cm | Wax soo saar / ha | Visual% dhibic madow- 10cm hoose ee jirida | C. coccodes ng DNA/g jirida baradhada | Soo saarista MT/ha |
Quadris HADDII | 639 ml | 48.2 ab | 1798.4 ab | 58.68 ab |
Quadris HADDII Mancozeb F | 639 ml 2.2 kg | 41.0 b | 900.7cd | 62.52 in |
Quadris HADDII Priaxor F | 639 ml 426 ml | 31.7 c | 622.1 d | 54.36 bc |
Priaxor HADDII | 480 ml | 50.0 in | 1542.6 ab | 54.72 bc |
Priaxor HADDII Bravo ZN F | 480 ml 1135 ml | 35.8 bc | 892.6cd | 54.60 bc |
Priaxor HADDII Quadris F | 480 ml 639 ml | 25.6cd | 1332.0 ab | 60.00 ab |
Priaxor IF Ciwaanka F | 480 ml 426 ml | 28.3cd | 789.0cd | 65.76 in |
Quadris HADDII Fontelis F | 639 ml 1.1 kg | 22.7 d | 595.1 d | 56.04 bc |
Vertisan HADDII Quadris F | 1646ml 639 | 35.5 | 2249 in | 57.36 bc |
Daaweyn la'aan | 51.5 in | 2072.9 in | 51.96 c |
Xogta la helay (eeg Shaxda 15) waxay si cad u muujinaysaa in lagu daro fungicides strobirulin ee ciidda marka la beerayo kuma filna in la xakameeyo cudurkan. Kanada, xitaa waxay u arkaan doorashadan mid aan habboonayn; fungicides ka dhanka ah anthracnose oo ku saleysan azoxystrobin, difeconazole, mefentrufluconazole, benzovindiflupyr iyo fluopyram + pyrimethanil ayaa lagu talinayaa in la mariyo kaliya xilliga koritaanka. Dhab ahaantii, waxtarka ka-hortagga anthracnose waa in la tixgeliyo marka la samaynayo nidaam looga ilaaliyo baradhada cudurrada waaweyn (alternaria, nabarrada dambe) inta lagu jiro xilliga sii kordhaya. xilli, toddobaad ka dib qalajinta, waxay ku siinaysaa saamayn dheeraad ah oo muhiim ah dhimista dhaawaca digriiga.
Ilaalinta walxaha beerto ee anthracnose ayaa hadda loo aqoonsan yahay inay tahay mid aan waxtar lahayn, inkastoo walxo badan oo firfircoon (difeconazole, pyraclostrobin, imidazole) ay si buuxda u baabi'iyaan inoculum dusha sare ee digriiga (jaantuska 16). Laakiin tani waa saameyn waqti-gaaban ah, cawaaqibkeeda si dhakhso ah ayaa loo simayaa, hal bil gudaheed, sababtoo ah infekshanku wuxuu sidoo kale ku yaalaa gudaha digriiga.
Ugu dambeyntii. Waxyeellada anthracnose-ka ayaa beryahan aad u korodhay; cudur-sidahaan waxa uu noqday dhibaato dhaqaale ahaan muhiim ah. Fungus Colletotrichum coccodes, oo sababa anthracnose ee baradhada, waa ay adagtahay in la saadaaliyo oo aan la ogaan karin cudur-sidaha. Caabuqa bilawga ah waa mid qarsoon. Caabuqa xididada, stolons, dhulka hoostiisa iyo afkoda dhulka hoostiisa waxay bilaabataa wakhti hore xilliga koritaanka, laakiin calaamadaha muuqda ama calaamadaha cudur-sidaha (microsclerotia) lagama yaabo inay ka soo baxaan dhirta ilaa wakhtiga goosashada. Tubers ayaa ku bukooda gudaha garoonka laakiin waxaa laga yaabaa inaysan muujin calaamado muuqda ilaa bartamaha xilliga kaydinta. Cudurku kama faafo tuberka ilaa digriiga inta lagu jiro kaydinta muddada dheer, laakiin caabuqyada qarsoon inta lagu jiro kaydinta ayaa bilaaba inay soo baxaan, dhaawaca digriiga ayaa kordha. Calaamadaha cudurka anthracnose inta badan ma cadda, oo aan madmadow lahayn waxayna ku soo beegmayaan marka laga soo tago Alternaria, verticillium, gabowga dabiiciga ah, yaraanta nitrogen, iwm. Natiijo ahaan, ogaanshaha cudurka iyo qiimeynta cawaaqibkiisa inta lagu jiro geeddi-socodka koritaanka way adagtahay. Saamaynta cudurku ku leeyahay wax-soo-saarka baradhada lama saadaalin karo, maadaama xaalado iyo arrimo badan, labadaba biotic iyo abiotic, ay saameeyaan waxyeelada cudur-sidaha.
Anthracnose way adag tahay in la xakameeyo. Inoculum-ku wuxuu ku noolaadaa ciidda sanado badan, wuxuu ku faaftaa wax beerto iyo roob, infekshankuna wuu sii socdaa inta lagu jiro xilliga koritaanka. Wareegga dalagga ugu dheer ma nadiifiyo ciidda, iyo baradhada beddelka leh ee dalagyada sida dabacasaha, dabocase, basasha, mustard jaalaha ah iyo raspeseed (ee miraha) waxay keenaysaa ururinta caabuqa. Yaraynta dhaawaca anthracnose waa suurtagal iyadoo lagu saleynayo isticmaalka buuxda ee tillaabooyinka ururrada iyo tignoolajiyada iyo isticmaalka u qalma, ka hortagga u adkeysiga azoxystrobin iyo tiro ka mid ah walxaha kale ee firfircoon ee fungicides. Fiiro gaar ah waa in la siiyaa heerka caabuqa alaabta abuurka iyo ciidda. Waa muhiim in si buuxda oo dheellitiran loo bacrimiyo oo loo waraabiyo baradhada, isla markiiba la goosto oo si habboon loo kaydiyo alaabta, si wax ku ool ah loo xakameeyo haramaha, oo ay ku jiraan baradhada haramaha, iyo isticmaal saamaynta qiiqa ah ee digada cagaaran. Fungicides wax ku ool ah waa in la beddelaa oo lagu dabaqaa marka la beerayo ciidda, qeybta hore ee xilliga koritaanka iyo ka hor goosashada. Habka kiimikaad ee lagu xakameynayo anthracnose waa inuu noqdaa qayb qasab ah oo ka mid ah nidaamka ilaalinta baradhada casriga ah.
Qoraaga maaddada: Sergey Banadysev, dhakhtarka cilmiga beeraha. Sayniska, "Technology Doka-Gene"