Laga soo bilaabo majaladda: No. 2 2014
Qaybta: Gobolka
Viktor Narushev, Dhakhtarka Sayniska Beeraha, borofisar ka tirsan Waaxda Koritaanka Dhirta, Taranka iyo Hiddaha, Jaamacadda Saratov ee Agrarian University oo lagu magacaabo NI Vavilov
Warshadaha beeritaanka baradhada waxaa loo arkaa mid ka mid ah qaybaha ugu muhiimsan ee dhismaha beeraleyda-warshadaha ee gobolka Volga. Ciidda iyo xaaladaha cimilada ee gobolka Saratov guud ahaan waxay ku fiican yihiin beerashada baradhada, taas oo go'aamisa muhiimada dhaqaale ee muhiimka ah ee gobolka. Isla mar ahaantaana, isbeddello la taaban karo ayaa ka dhacay beerista baradhada ee gobolka sannadihii u dambeeyay. Isticmaalka tignoolajiyada tamarta xoogga leh iyo ilaha tamarta xaddidan ayaa horseeday kor u kaca qiimaha wax soo saarka baradhada. Sidaa darteed, waaxda dadweynuhu waxay si weyn hoos ugu dhigtay bedka baradhada iyo mugga wax soo saarkeeda. Sidaa darteed, saamiga ganacsiyada beeraha iyo beeraha wax soo saarka baradhada ee gobolka Saratov ayaa hoos uga dhacay 22% 1990 ilaa 5% 2012.
Xaaladda hadda jirta waxay saameyn xun ku yeelatay sahayda baradhada deggan ee dadka magaalada, gaar ahaan xilliga jiilaalka-gu'ga, taasoo keentay hoos u dhac ku yimid tayada badeecadaha, waxay gacan ka geysatay hoos u dhaca tartanka baradhada maxalliga ah marka loo eego alaabada Gobollada Penza, Tambov, Voronezh iyo gobollada kale ee u dhow ee Ruushka, iyo sidoo kale dibadda.
Inkasta oo ay jiraan dhibaatooyin ujeedo leh, arrimahan soo socda ayaa gacan ka geysta horumarinta wax soo saarka baradhada ee gobolka:
- dhaqan ahaan sare iyo waarta isticmaalka baradhada ee dadweynaha;
- xaaladaha dabiiciga ah iyo cimilada wanaagsan ee gobolka intiisa badan;
- bacriminta sare ee carrada chernozem ee Bankiga midig, qaybaha waqooyiga iyo bartamaha ee Bankiga bidix, halkaas oo ay suurtagal tahay in la abaabulo wax soo saarka xasilloon ee baradhada hoostiisa waraabka;
- horumarinta gaadiidka iyo kaabayaasha macluumaadka;
- joogitaanka xidhiidhada taageero cilmi ah ee warshadaha ka All-Ruushka Research Institute of Baradho baradho (VNIIKH, gobolka Moscow), Saratov State Agrarian University magacaabay ka dib. N.I. Vavilov", Machadka Cilmi-baarista Beeraha ee Koonfur-Bari iyo Machadka Cilmi-baarista Beeraha ee Penza;
- hirgelinta mashaariic maalgashi oo waaweyn si loo horumariyo wax soo saarka iyo hagaajinta nidaamka kaydinta baradhada (bishii Oktoobar 2012, heshiis ayaa la soo gabagabeeyey shirkadda Malino, taas oo horumarinaysa tignoolajiyada casriga ah ee kobcinta baradhada ee gobollo badan oo Russia ah);
- Tallaabooyinka wax ku oolka ah ee taageerada gobolka ee soo saarayaasha baradhada ee miisaaniyadda gobolka.
Sannadihii u dambeeyay, shirkadaha beeralayda iyo beeruhu waxay muujiyeen koror aad u weyn oo ku yimid wax-soo-saarka baradhada marka la barbar dhigo beeraha qoyska (miiska). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, meelaha la beeray way yar yihiin - 2012, shirkadaha beeraha ee gobolka, baradhada ayaa lagu beeray dhul dhan 0,5 kun oo hektar iyo K (F) H - 0,7 kun oo hektar. Kaliya in shan beerood meesha baradho lagu beeray waxay ahayd in ka badan 50 hektar (RosAgro-Zavolzhye LLC ee degmada Krasnokutsk, beerta Rubin ee degmada Bazarno-Karabulak, VIT LLC, Shcherenko P.Yu. beeralayda beeralayda iyo Kryuchkova MP Beer . Gobolka Engels). Sannadkii 2013, in ka badan 35 beeralayda waaweyn, dhexdhexaadka ah iyo kuwa yaryar ayaa ku hawlanaa beerashada baradhada ee gobolka Saratov. Isla mar ahaantaana, horeba siddeed beerood, aagga baradhada ayaa dhaaftay 50 hektar.
Dhaqdhaqaaqa wax soo saarka baradhada ee gobolka Saratov
Muujinaya | 2011 g | 2012 g | 2013 |
Bedka baradhada, kun hektar | 27,0 | 26,8 | 25,4 |
Wax-soosaarka baradhada, c/ha | 157,6 | 132,3 | 144,6 |
Goynta baradhada guud, kun tan | 425,8 | 354,6 | 353,4 |
Horumarinta dheeraadka ah ee beeritaanka baradhada waa in looga golleeyahay in la siiyo dadweynaha magaalooyinka gobolka wax soo saarka tayo leh, ugu horrayn xilliga jiilaalka-guga. Mugga isticmaalka baradhada muddadan, oo ku salaysan heerarka caafimaadka ee macquulka ah (95 kg sannadkii), waxay dhaafi kartaa 60,0 kun oo tan. Laga soo bilaabo 10 ilaa 20 kun oo tan oo baradho ah ayaa loo soo dhoofiyaa gobolka sannadkii, qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah taas oo laga soo saari karo beeraha baradhada ee gobolka. Sidoo kale shuruudda muhiimka ah ee horumarinta baradhada ee gobolka waa in ay ahaato abaabulka nidaamka kaydinta, habaynta iyo iibinta.
Xaaladaha suuqa casriga ah, waa muhiim ma aha oo kaliya in la soo saaro baradho tayo sare leh, laakiin sidoo kale in la ilaaliyo ilaa beergooyska cusub, si loo siiyo alaabooyinka muuqaal la iibsan karo, iyo in la sameeyo kooxo waaweyn si loo hubiyo sahayda joogtada ah ee ururada ganacsiga jumlada iyo tafaariiqda. . Tani waa la fulin karaa waa haddii la horumariyo nidaamka kaydinta iyo habaynta.
Waqtigan xaadirka ah, gobolka ma jiraan xarumo gaar ah oo lagu kaydiyo baradhada oo ku qalabaysan makaanaynta, hawo firfircoon iyo nidaamyada xakamaynta cimilada. Baradhadu inta badan waxa lagu kaydiyaa bakhaarada khudaarta ama bakhaarada duugoobay. Goobaha ugu weyn ee kaydinta baradhada casriga ah, oo la sameeyay 2008-2012, waxay ka shaqeeyaan beerta beeralayda "Shcherenko P.Yu." iyo beeralayda beeralayda "Kryuchkova MP." Gobolka Engels.
Soosaarayaasha baradhada waxay si toos ah u leeyihiin awooda kaydinta baradhada ee ilaa 10 kun oo tan. Waa in la caddeeyo in tas-hiilaadka kaydinta ay si siman ugu qaybsan yihiin soosaarayaasha badeecadaha: 12 ka mid ah 35 soo saarayaasha baradhada waaweyn, kuwa dhexdhexaadka ah iyo kuwa yaryar ayaa leh. Waa wax iska cad in xarumaha kaydinta ee jira aysan ku filneyn mugga la qorsheeyay ee wax soo saarka baradhada.
Abuurista bakhaaro cusub waxaa caqabad ku ah qarashka badan ee dhismahooda. Qiimaha dhismaha xarunta kaydinta baradhada oo leh mugga 1,5-2 kun oo tan ayaa gaaraya 11-12 milyan oo rubles, oo leh mugga 3-3,5 kun oo tan - 22-23 milyan oo rubles.
Gabi ahaanba ma jiraan shirkado farsameeya baradhada oo gobolka ka caawin kara wax-soo-saareyaasha beeralayda wax-soo-saarka wax-soo-saarka, sida ka dhacda Holland, Jarmalka, Danmark, Faransiiska, Maraykanka iyo waddamo kale oo badan.
Si loo horumariyo beeritaanka baradhada ee gobolka, barnaamijka bartilmaameedka "Kordhinta wax soo saarka baradhada ee gobolka Saratov ee 2013-2013" ayaa la sameeyay 2015. Hirgelinta Barnaamijka waxaa la siiyay koror tartiib tartiib ah ee acreage baradho ah oo lagu beeray iyadoo lagu salaynayo farsamada casriga ah iyo farsamada casriga ah, kororka wax soo saarka iyo wax soo saarka guud ee alaabta baradhada, sameynta qalab cusub iyo saldhig farsamo ee beeraha baradhada, iyo abuurista shaqooyin dheeraad ah.
Sannadka 2013-2015, dawladda gobolka Saratov waxay qorsheyneysaa inay siiso kaalmo ururada beeraha iyo beeraha ku hawlan wax soo saarka baradhada si ay u helaan mishiinada iyo qalabka, abuurka iyo bacriminta macdanta, iwm. 2015 marka la barbar dhigo 2012 iyo 2013 by 1,9 iyo 1,5 jeer, siday u kala horreeyaan.
Hirgelinta jaangooyooyinka taageerada gobolka ee kobcinta baradhada ee kharashka miisaaniyadda gobolka Saratov waxay gacan ka geysan doontaa kordhinta soo jiidashada maalgashiga ee warshadahan ganacsiyada beeraha iyo beeraha.
1. Fulinta qaybinta macquulka ah ee baradhada ee gobolka iyada oo la adeegsanayo mugga isticmaalka, hagaajinta meelaynta noocyada iyo abaabulka wax soo saarka abuurka elite.
Beerista warshadaha baradhada ee ciidda roobaadka ayaa la qorsheeyay in lagu horumariyo Bazarno-Karabulaksky, Novoburassky, Lysogorsky iyo gobollada kale ee Bankiga Saxda ah. Bankiga bidix ee qalalan, dhulalka waraabka ee beeraha ee Engels, Sovetsky, Krasnokutsky, Marksovsky iyo degmooyinka kale ayaa loo qoondeyn doonaa wax soo saarka baradhada.
Kuwa ugu wax soo saarka badan oo la jaan qaadaya ciidda iyo xaaladaha cimilada ee gobolka waa noocyo baradho u adkeysi gaar ah oo ay sameeyeen beeralayda gudaha ee Machadka Cilmi-baarista Beeraha ee All-Ruushka iyo Machadka Cilmi-baarista Beeraha ee Penza gaar ahaan gobolka Volga. Isla mar ahaantaana, si loo kordhiyo shuruudaha isticmaalka, waxaa lagula talinayaa in ay koraan noocyo ka mid ah kooxaha bislaanshaha kala duwan - noocyada bislaanshaha hore ee isticmaalka xagaaga; xilli-dhexe - dayrta; bislaanshaha dambe - si loogu isticmaalo jiilaalka iyo horraanta gu'ga.
2. Abaabulka wax soo saarka abuur wanaagsan ee gobolka.
Wax soo saarka abuur baradho Elite ayaa lagu horumarin doonaa ururada beeraha ee waqooyiga microzone ee Bankiga saxda ah, halkaas oo aysan jirin suurtagalnimada wasakheynta dalagga ee cudurada fayras iyo tignoolajiyada wax soo saarka abuur horumarsan ayaa la isticmaalaa (beero xagaaga, jarista kala duwan, nidaamka ilaalinta dhirta isku dhafan, iwm .) Khabiiro ka kala socda VNIIKH iyo Saratov State Agrarian University ayaa bixin doona taageero cilmiyeed wax soo saarka abuurka sare. Si loo horumariyo wax soo saarka abuurka aagga, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah, marka hore, in la abuuro shuruudo iibinta miraha noocyada baradhada ee ay abuureen beeralayda gudaha.
3. Soo bandhigista tikniyoolajiyadda kaydinta casriga ee baradhada la beero.
Dhacdada ugu muhiimsan ee hirgelinta Barnaamijku waa soo bandhigida tignoolajiyada casriga ah ee beerashada baradhada oo ku salaysan bayoolajiinta iyo ilaalinta kheyraadka. Waa in la kala saaro iyadoo ku xiran ciidda iyo xaaladaha cimilada ee kala duwan ee microzones ee gobolka iyo qalabka iyo saldhigga farsamada ee beeraha.
Tiknoolajiyada bayoolajiga ah waxay ku lug leedahay beerista cawska digriiga ah iyo digada cagaaran, isticmaalka alaabta noolaha ee daaweynta digriiga iyo dalagyada baradhada (Baikal EM-1, mizorin, rizoagrin, flavobacterin, iwm.), taas oo suurtogal ka dhigaysa in la yareeyo codsiga macdanta iyo bacriminta organic iyadoo la ilaalinayo dheelitirka walxaha organic iyo bacrinta ciidda. Isticmaalka diyaargarowga bayoolojiga ee ilaalinta dhirta (boverine, trichogramma, iwm.) waxay hoos u dhigi doontaa qiimaha sunta cayayaanka waxayna hubin doontaa wax soo saarka alaabta deegaanka u fiican. Si loo yareeyo saameynta walaaca ee abaarta ka jirta aaggeena, isticmaalka walxaha gaarka ah ee ka hortagga diiqada ayaa lagula talinayaa.
4. Casriyeyn farsamo oo dhameystiran ee warshadaha baradhada.
Si loo sameeyo beero baradhada casriga ah ee gobolka, waxaa la qorsheeyay in lagu qalabeeyo beeraha wax soo saarka beeraha mashiinada khayraadka-iyo tamar hufan iyo qalabka wax soo saarka, soocidda iyo kaydinta digriiga, iyadoo la tixgelinayo sifooyinka noocyada kala duwan ee maamulka. Shuruudaha ugu muhiimsan ee lagu dooranayo qalabka: isku halaynta, kala duwanaanshaha, helitaanka qaybo dheeri ah iyo dammaanad adeeg degdeg ah.
5. Kordhinta dhulka baradhada waraabka ah iyada oo dib loo soo celinayo dhulkii hore ee jiray iyo abuurista goobo cusub oo waraab ah.
Kordhinta baradhada hoosteeda waraabka ma aha oo kaliya inay yarayso khatarta dabiiciga ah, laakiin sidoo kale waxay si weyn u kordhisaa waxtarka dhaqaale ee wax soo saarkeeda. Wax soo saarka beeraha baradhada waraabka ah ayaa laba jeer ka sarreeya marka loo eego dhulalka la midka ah ee aan waraabka lahayn, iyo wax soo saarka shaqada iyo waxtarka isticmaalka qalabka iyo farsamada, oo ay ku jiraan bacrimiyeyaasha, ayaa kordhay saddex ilaa shan jeer.
Iyada oo ay weheliso casriyeynta baahsan ee mashiinnada waraabka ee Fregat iyo Volzhanka ee jira, meelaha leh carrada iftiinka iyo iftiinka dhexdhexaadka ah, waxaa la qorsheeyay in si firfircoon loo beddelo nidaamyada waraabka kaydinta kheyraadka casriga ah - mashiinnada nooca durbaanka mugga hooseeya, kala firirsan iyo ganaax. waraabka faleebo.
6. Dib-u-dhis lagu sameeyo iyo dhismo cusub oo lagu kaydiyo baradhada.
Si loo siiyo dadweynaha gobolka Saratov baradhada sanadka oo dhan, waxaa lagu talinayaa in la dhiso tas-hiilaad kaydinta baradho casri ah oo leh awood ugu yaraan 40 kun oo tan oo digriiga ah, oo ku qalabaysan hababka hawo-mareenka, xakamaynta cimilada iyo hababka makaanaynta rarista iyo dejinta. ee alaabta.
Goobaha waaweyn ee lagu kaydiyo baradhada, ganacsiyada aasaasiga ah (alaabooyinka semi-dhammeeyay) iyo qoto dheer (khamriga, istaarijka, jajabyada, shiilan Faransiiska, iwm) ee baradhada ayaa la abuuri doonaa. Aaggan waxaa loo qorsheeyay in lagu horumariyo qaab dhismeedka heshiiska lala galayo shirkadda Malino.
7. Abuurista xarumaha saadka ee kaydinta, habaynta iyo iibinta baradhada ee beeralayda maxaliga ah.
Abaabulka xarumaha saadka ayaa si weyn u kordhin doona tartanka baradhada ee soo saarayaasha beeraha maxaliga ah.
8. Tababarka qandaraaska ee lala beegsaday ee khabiirada.
Tababarka qandaraaska ee la beegsanayo ee khubarada ku takhasusay beeritaanka baradhada waxaa fulin doona Jaamacadda Saratov State Agrarian University, oo shaqaalaheeda waxbariddu ay hadda tababarayaan khabiiro aqoon sare leh oo loogu talagalay dhismaha beeraha-warshadaha. Waxaa suurtogal ah in lagu tababaro koox gaar ah oo sayidyo ah oo ku yaal berrinka Beerta Baradhada.
9. Aqoonta takhasuska leh ee ka socda ururada beeraha iyo madaxda shirkadaha beeraha ee ku lug leh wax soo saarka baradhada.
Barnaamijku wuxuu bixiyaa tababbarka sanadlaha ah ee horumarsan ee beeralayda baradhada ee koorsooyinka abaabulan xilliga jiilaalka ee xarunta tababarka ee Machadka Waxbarashada Miisaaniyadda Dawladda Federaalka ee Tacliinta Sare ee Waxbarashada Sare "Jaamacadda Agrarian ee Gobolka Saratov oo magaceedu yahay. N.I. Vavilov" oo ay weheliyaan ICS gobolka.
Inta lagu guda jiro xilliga beerista baradhada, waxaa la qorsheeyay in la qabto siminaaro xiriir ah oo cilmi iyo wax ku ool ah oo ku saleysan hormoodka beerashada baradhada ee gobolka, kuwaas oo loogu talagalay tababar iyo isdhaafsiga khibradaha u dhexeeya ka qaybgalayaasha munaasabadda. Iyada oo qayb ka ah bandhigga sannadlaha ah ee gobolka iyo bandhigga "Maalinta Beerta", maamulayaasha iyo khabiirada warshadaha baradhada baradhada waxay baran doonaan moodooyinka ugu dambeeyay ee mashiinnada beeraha iyo qalabka iyo noocyada baradhada ee rajooyinka leh.