Sergey Banadysev, Dhakhtarka Sayniska Beeraha, Madaxa barnaamijka taranka ee Teknolojiyada Doka-Gene LLC
Maqaalkani waa qayb yar oo ka mid ah buugga S.A. Banadisev "Kaydinta baradhada abuurka", kaas oo ku soo baxay wareeg yar oo kaliya laba bilood ka hor.
Buuggu waxa uu soo koobayaa oo uu falanqeynayaa macluumaadka casriga ah ee dunida ee ku saabsan waxyaabaha gaarka ah iyo aasaaska aragtida, tignoolajiyada horumarsan iyo kuwa rajooyinka leh ee kaydinta baradhada abuurka. Heerarka iyo sifooyinka isticmaalka hababka kala duwan ee tignoolajiyada iyo hababka lagu hubinayo badbaadada sare ee alaabta ayaa la xaqiijiyay. Talooyinka ciribtirka dhibaatooyinka inta lagu jiro kaydinta ayaa la bixiyaa. Waxtarka dhaqaalaha iyo soo celinta maalgashiga tignoolajiyada kaydinta muddada-dheer ayaa la falanqeeyay.
Buuggu wuxuu faa'iido u yeelan doonaa qof kasta oo daneynaya mawduuca abaabulka kaydinta baradhada. Sida qoraagu xusay: "Fahamka xirfadeed ee madaxda iyo khubarada shirkadaha baradhada-koraya ee nuucyada kaydinta iyo isticmaalka buuxa ee awoodaha tignoolajiyada casriga ah waxay siisaa koror weyn oo tayada baradhada abuur ah iyo heerka baradhada wax-soo-saarka abuurka."
Mugga buuggu waa 292 bog.
Tusmo:
1. Sifooyinka physico-nafleyda iyo hababka inta lagu jiro kaydinta baradhada abuurka (bogga 6-69): qiimaha tayada baradhada abuurka, baradhada sida shay kaydinta, aasaaska aragtida ee kaydinta baradhada, da'da jireed ee alaabta abuurka.
2. Habka teknoolajiyada ee kaydinta baradhada abuurka (bogga 70-171): diyaarinta walxaha abuurka kaydinta, nidaamyada hawo firfircoon, qabow farsamo, humidification iyo kululaynta hawada, xakamaynta biqilka iyo biqilka, hawlaha farsamada aasaasiga ah.
3. Waxtarka kaydinta baradhada abuurka (bogga 172-281): khatarta iyo xakamaynta dhibaatooyinka kaydinta, cudurada iyo dhaawaca digriiga inta lagu jiro kaydinta, nadaafadda kaydinta, heerka tignoolajiyada ee kaydinta, dhaqaalaha kaydinta.
qoyaan dheeraad ah waa in aan la isticmaalin marka la kaydinayo baradhada shinnida. Digriiga baradhada, iyadoo la adeegsanayo neefsashada iyo uumiga tooska ah ee nasashada, waxay abuuraan qoyaan hawo qaraabo ah oo ku dhow meesha bannaan ee dhexda ah - 92-93%. Waxaa intaa dheer, tilmaamayaashan waxaa lagu diiwaan geliyey dhumucdiisuna waxay tahay 7-10 daqiiqo ka dib marka hawo firfircooni istaagto, oo kaliya wax yar ayaa isbeddelaya iyadoo ay saameyn ku leedahay qoyaanka qaraabada ah ee hawada qolka kaydinta ( qoto dheer oo ah 0,4-0,5 m heerkul isku mid ah oo ku dhereran dhererka derbiga). Sidaa darteed, waxaan ka hadli karnaa is-xakamaynta nidaamka qoyaanka inta lagu jiro kaydinta baradhada.
Sidaa darteed, marka la shaqeynayo hababka hawo-qaadista firfircoon, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la tixgeliyo hantidan oo aan la faragelin wax soo saarka dhirta neefsashada si ay u muujiyaan sifooyinka dabiiciga ah ee dabiiciga ah, iyada oo la siinayo ilaalinta saameynta dibadda iyo ilaalinta nidaamka heerkulka tignoolajiyada. Hawo-qaadis joogto ah oo leh hawo qalalan ayaa, dabcan, u horseedi doonta biyo aan loo baahnayn oo ka timaadda digriiga iyo luminta turgorka (tab. mid). Inta lagu jiro xilliga kaydinta oo dhan, marka laga reebo xilliga qalajinta, hawo-qaadista waa in la sameeyaa oo kaliya sida loo baahdo, si adag u xaddidan.
Jadwalka 1. Luminta biyaha ee digriiga baradhada oo leh awood hawo kala duwan iyo huurka hawada la isticmaalo
Qoyaanka hawada 90% | Qoyaanka hawada 75% | |
35 | 0.047 | 0.097 |
70 | 0.093 | 0.192 |
105 | 0.138 | 0.286 |
Muddada muddada kaydinta, marka qoyaanka xad-dhaafka ah aan loo baahnayn in laga saaro digriiga, waa lix bilood (laga bilaabo Noofembar ilaa Abriil). Tani waa 4320 saacadood. Dhammaan hawlaha, wakhtiga hawo-qaadista caadiga ahi kama badna 200 saacadood. Xitaa haddii tiradani labanlaabanto, waxay soo baxday in 90% wakhtiga alaabta kaydinta ay ku jirto nasasho, taas oo macnaheedu yahay in ay ku jirto xaaladaha qoyaanka ugu fiican oo raaxo leh oo ay abuureen baradhada laftooda. Sidaa darteed, xitaa marka loo isticmaalo hawo yar oo qalalan hawo-qaadista, miisaan lumisku wuxuu kordhiyaa ugu badnaan 1%.. Waxa ugu muhiimsan waa in la sameeyo kalfadhiyada hawo-qaadista muddo gaaban.
Waa in sidoo kale la fahamsan yahay in qoyaanka hawada ee ka sarreeya 80% uu yahay mid aad u wanaagsan oo aanu u horseedin fuuq-baxa digriiga inta lagu jiro hawo-qaadashada muddada-gaaban. Qoyaanka hawada inta lagu jiro kaydinta baradhada ee tiro ka mid ah gobollada Ruushka ma aha mid halis ah - 75-88%tab. 2) waxayna la mid tahay qoyaanka hawada ee xarumaha kaydinta ee Bartamaha Jarmalka.
miiska 2 . Celceliska qoyaanka hawada bishii,%
Gobol | |||||||||
Sebtember | october | November | Diseembar | january | febtember | socod | abril | May | |
Gobolka Kaliningrad | 82 | 85 | 87 | 87 | 85 | 84 | 80 | 75 | 72 |
Gobolka Leningrad. | 81 | 84 | 87 | 88 | 86 | 84 | 78 | 72 | 65 |
Gobolka Smolensk | 83 | 86 | 89 | 89 | 86 | 84 | 82 | 77 | 71 |
Gobolka Moscow | 80 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 84 | 81 | 77 | 69 | 66 |
Gobolka Bryansk | 77 | 83 | 88 | 88 | 86 | 84 | 82 | 73 | 66 |
Gobolka Lipetsk | 71 | 80 | 86 | 87 | 84 | 83 | 82 | 72 | 60 |
gobolka Sverdlovsk. | 76 | 78 | 80 | 80 | 78 | 75 | 74 | 67 | 58 |
Xarunta Jarmalka. | 79 | 82 | 85 | 86 | 85 | 85 | 79 | 76 | 73 |
Waa maxay sababta isbarbardhiggan? Xaqiiqdu waxay tahay in khubarada Jarmalka ee ku jira kaydinta baradhada ay u arkaan inaysan habboonayn in la isticmaalo qoyaan dheeraad ah marka la kaydinayo miiska iyo, sidoo kale, baradhada abuurka. Oo xataa kama hadlaan mawduuca fuuq-baxa. Waxay ku saleysan tahay kheyraadka cimilada ee la heli karo taasoo u oggolaanaysa isticmaalka hawada ka baxsan oo leh qoyaan ku filan hawo-qaadasho. Habeenkii, qoyaanka hawada ee guga iyo dayrta ayaa kor u kaca 20% marka loo eego saacadaha maalintii, jiilaalka, heerkulka hooseeya - 10%tab. mid).
Jadwalka 3. Qoyaanka qaraabada ee hawada inta lagu jiro maalinta inta lagu jiro xilliga kaydinta baradhada,% (ee qaybta dhexe ee Germany)
Sep | Oct | Laakiin aniga. | Dec | Jan. | Feb | March | Abriil | |
1 | 89 | 89 | 87 | 88 | 87 | 88 | 85 | 85 |
3 | 90 | 89 | 88 | 88 | 87 | 88 | 86 | 86 |
5 | 91 | 90 | 88 | 88 | 87 | 88 | 87 | 88 |
7 | 89 | 90 | 88 | 88 | 87 | 88 | 87 | 87 |
9 | 79 | 84 | 86 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 82 | 77 |
11 | 69 | 74 | 81 | 84 | 83 | 82 | 74 | 69 |
13 | 64 | 69 | 77 | 81 | 80 | 77 | 69 | 64 |
15 | 63 | 69 | 79 | 82 | 80 | 77 | 68 | 62 |
17 | 67 | 75 | 84 | 85 | 83 | 81 | 71 | 64 |
19 | 78 | 83 | 85 | 87 | 86 | 85 | 77 | 71 |
21 | 85 | 86 | 86 | 87 | 86 | 86 | 82 | 79 |
23 | 87 | 88 | 87 | 88 | 86 | 87 | 84 | 83 |
Suurtagalnimada hawo hawo qoyaan badan gudaha Jarmalka waa in ka badan 30%. culeyska gaarka ah ee wakhtiga maalinta oo leh huurka hawada 91-100% ( tab. 4 )
Miiska 4. Itimaalka wakhtiga leh qoyaan qaraabo ah,% (bartamaha Jarmalka)
Qoyaanka qaraabada,% | MESяц | |||||||
Sep | Oct | Laakiin aniga. | Dec | Jan. | Feb | Mar | Abriil | |
Ilaa 50 | 6 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 12 |
51-60 | 10 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 10 |
61-70 | 13 | 11 | 8 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 13 | 13 |
71-80 | 16 | 16 | 19 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 15 |
81-90 | 22 | 26 | 33 | 36 | 35 | 32 | 25 | 21 |
91-100 | 33 | 37 | 37 | 40 | 38 | 38 | 30 | 29 |
Ma jiro macluumaad sax ah oo ku saabsan gobollada Ruushka ee qaybta dadweynaha, laakiin miisaska ayaa la daabacay xisaabinta maalmo kaas oo qoyaanka qaraabada ah uu ka sarreeyo 80%. Gobolka Kaliningrad ee xeebta inta lagu jiro xilliga kaydinta, tirooyinkani waxay ku jiraan inta u dhaxaysa 10-22, gobolka Sverdlovsk ee fiiqan - 4-18 maalmood bishiiba (ka badan xilliga qaboobaha, ka yar Abriil-May). Oo kuwanu waa celceliska maalinlaha ah, farqiga u dhexeeya maalinta iyo habeenka qoyaanka qaraabada waa la fahmi karaa. Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay in iyada oo si sax ah loo koontaroolayo hawlgalka CAB, kheyraadka qoyaanka hawada dabiiciga ah ayaa ku filan hawo-siinta xarumaha kaydinta baradhada.
Haddii, iyadoo ay saameyn ku leedahay xayeysiiska alaab-qeybiyeyaasha qalabka iyo marka la qiimeynayo tilmaamayaashan, weli waxaa jira rabitaan ah in lagu rakibo humidifiers kaydinta abuurka baradhada, markaa waxaan kugula talin karnaa oo kaliya inaad si taxadar leh u barato shuruudaha horumarinta cudurrada kaydinta oo aad isbarbardhigto Khatarta ah in la lumiyo boqolkiiba hal miisaanka iyo luminta tayada abuurka.
Heerarka qoyaanka hawada ee kaydinta waa in aanay kicin xayndaabyada gudaha ee deyrarka iyo dusha sare ee alaabta. Hawada qoyan waa in ay daruuri tahay in ay lahaato heerkul ka hooseeya heerkulka gidaarka ka hor inta aan la gelin, si aysan u jirin uumi. Qalabaynta tas-hiilaadka kaydinta humidifiers ee Ruushka waxay keenaysaa natiijooyin aan caddayn, sababtoo ah jiilaalka waxaa jira heerkul aad u hooseeya marka loo eego Galbeedka Yurub. Tusaale ahaan, celceliska heerkulka Janaayo ee Jarmalka waa -1,2о C, iyo gobolka Sverdlovsk -16,2оС. Heerkulka qoyaanka sarreeya iyo heerkulka hooseeya, qaabka kaydinta, hawo kaydinta ama alaabta lafteeda ayaa inta badan ku qaboojiso meel ka hooseysa barta sayaxa, taasoo keenta uumi. Burburka uumiga ayaa ka sarreeya oo la siman miisaanka dhimista. Sidaa darteed, xakamaynta xadka sare ee qoyaanka hawada ee qoyaanka, barta sayaxa, sinnaanta heerkulka joogtada ah ee tirada alaabta iyo hareeraheeda ayaa ka mid ah qodobbada ugu muhiimsan ee kordhinta waxtarka kaydinta. Isticmaalka humidification waa muhiim marka lagu kaydinayo baradhada farsamada heerkulka sare, laakiin kiis kasta, waa la ogol yahay oo kaliya kaydinta si fiican u xiran oo awood u leh in lagu xakameeyo heerkulka gudaha saxnaanta ka hooseeya 0,5 ° C. Ma habboona in la isticmaalo qoyaanka marka la kaydinayo baradhada shinnida iyo baradho badan oo miis ah oo khatar u ah inay ku dhacaan cudurro.