Sergey Banadysev, Dhaqtarka Cilmiga Beeraha, Teknolojiyada 'Doca-Gene Technologies' LLC
Dhammaad Billowga maqaalka wuxuu ku yaal joornaalka "Nidaamka Baradhada" Lambarka 2 (2020)
Sida lagu xusay qeybta koowaad ee qodobkaan, soosaarka abuurka baradhada, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in si kalsooni leh loo xakameeyo cudurada fayraska dartiis sare. Ruushka, dulqaadka adag ee infekshinka qarsoon ayaa la soo saaray, oo lagu go'aamiyay hababka ogaanshaha cudurka kelli. Shirkad kastaa waa inay si joogto ah ula socotaa aphids-ka qaada infakshanka fayraska iyo inay qiimeeyaan heerka culeyska faafa, maxaa yeelay waxyeelada noocyada kala duwan ee aphidku aasaas ahaan way ka duwan tahay. Isticmaalka cunsuriga juquraafi ahaan soosaarka abuurka ayaa ah mid waxtar badan leh, maadaama xaaladaha cimilada ay si weyn u saameynayaan asalka faafa.
Jadwalka 4. Dhaqdhaqaaqa xagaaga iyo noocyada ka kooban aphids baalal leh oo sidda fayrasyo, beerta VNIIKH
Magaca (noocyada) aphids | 2003 | 2005 | 2007 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pcs. | % | pcs. | % | pcs. | % | |
Peach cagaaran | 116 | 26.1 | 58 | 50 | 54 | 49.5 |
Buckthorn | 35 | 7.9 | 6 | 5.2 | 4 | 3.7 |
Baradho caadi ah | 9 | 2 | 5 | 4.3 | 3 | 2.6 |
Digir madow | 230 | 51.7 | 32 | 27.6 | 36 | 33 |
Baradho waaweyn | 16 | 3.5 | 5 | 4.3 | 5 | 4.8 |
Pea | 39 | 8.8 | 10 | 8.6 | 7 | 6.4 |
Wadarta: | 445 | 100 | 116 | 100 | 109 | 100 |
Qalabka VNIIKH iyo VIZR (Zeyruk V.N. et al., 2017), waxaa la xusay in isbeddelada ku yimid cilmiga bayoolajiga ee phytofauna ay horseeday koror ballaaran oo ku yimid tirada noocyada ugu waxyeellada badan ee aphids - miro guduud cagaaran. Haddii ay ahayd 1970-1971. (Ramenskiy district, Moscow region) cosmopolitan-kan wuxuu kujiray kaalinta afaraad noocyada la aqoonsaday, ka dib 35 sano kadib wuxuu noqday kan ugu weyn (Shaxan 4, 5).
Gobolka Leningrad, tirada ugu badan ee aphids-ka ku jirta baradhada ayaa laga arkay bartamihii bishii 2017aad ilaa horraantii Agoosto, noocyada noocan ah sida buckthorn iyo dhirta leguminous ayaa u badan (Berim M.N., 300). Cunnooyinka caadiga ah ee loo yaqaan 'aphids' iyo kuwa waaweyn ee baradhada ah waxaa laga helaa inta badan gobollada galbeedka iyo koonfur-galbeed ee gobolka. Marka loo eego qiyaasaha khabiirada VIZR, gobolada dhexe iyo bariga tirada ugu badan ee aphids waxay gaaraysaa 600-100 qof 40kii caleemo (marka 70-1000% ee dhirta ay ku badan yihiin), taas oo ah celcelis ahaan heerka dadka; galbeedka - shakhsiyaadka 1400-100 (illaa XNUMX% dhirta la deggan yahay) - heer sare oo dad ah. Barashada duulista aphids ee koonfurta (degmada Kotlassky) iyo waqooyiga (degmada Kholmogorsky) Arkhangel
gobolka 2017-2018 oo ku saabsan abuurka baradhada abuurka (Popova LA et al., 2019) waxay muujisay maqnaanshaha aphid peach iyo, guud ahaan, asal yar oo faafa, oo si aad ah uga hooseeya xuduudaha yurubiyanka ee IVD xilliga (Shaxda 6).
Soosaarka baradhada iniinyaha ee gobollada jiilaalka adag, roobabka badan, heerkulka hooseeya wuxuu si weyn u yareeyaa halista faafidda cudurrada fayraska. Badanaa, gaar ahaan Nederland, meesha xeebta ku taal iyo natiijada ka dhalan karta dabeylo xoog leh ayaa loo arkaa arrimo wanaagsan. Haa, aphids-ka duulaya ayaa si weyn kor loogu qaadaa marka xawaaraha dabayshu ka yar tahay 3 m / s. Laakiin haddii aan isbarbar dhigno soo-qaadista dabaysha ee aagag kala duwan (Jaantuska. 6), waxaa caddaanaysa in aphid Dutch-ka ay haysato fursado ku filan oo ay baradhada kaga dhufan karto dabada: suuragalnimada kama yaraaneyso 35%. Taasi waa, celcelis ahaan laba maalmood dabaysha ku jirta baalayaasha runti waxay ka soo dhacdaa badda, iyo maalin kasta seddexaad - koonfurta ama bariga. Si si hufan loo dhigo, aphid-ka xeebta wuxuu u shaqeeyaa si waafaqsan jadwalka: laba maalmood kadib. "Dabayshu waxay ka soo kacday badda" waa khiyaano suuq geyn ah, waa deg deg in lagu tiirsanaado kaliya xakameynta cudurada fayraska.
Shaxda 5. Dhaqdhaqaaqa xagaaga iyo noocyada ka kooban aphids baalal leh oo sida virus-yada, 2016
Magaca (noocyada) aphids | Number of aphids, wadarta | Oo ay ku jiraan bilo, tobanaan sano | ||||
july | bilicsan | |||||
I | II | III | I | II | ||
EB "Korenevo", degmada Lyuberetskiy, gobolka Moscow. | ||||||
Peach cagaaran | 6 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Buckthorn, buckthorn | 12.4 | 0.8 | 2 | 6 | 1.2 | 2.4 |
Baradho caadi ah | 1.6 | 0 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 0 |
Digir madow | 2.9 | 0.3 | 1 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 0.2 |
Cicadaas | 48 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 7 | 31 |
Wadarta: | 22.9 | 1.1 | 3.4 | 9.9 | 3.9 | 4.6 |
Eb "Ilyinskoe", degmada Domodedovsky, gobolka Moscow | ||||||
Peach cagaaran | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Buckthorn, buckthorn | 4 | 0 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0 |
Baradho caadi ah | 1.2 | 0 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0 | 0 |
Digir madow | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0 |
Cicadaas | 17 | 0 | 5 | 2 | 10 | 0 |
Wadarta: Aphids | 7.9 | 0.1 | 2.1 | 3.3 | 2.4 | 0 |
Cicadaas | 17 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 10 | 0 |
Jadwalka 6. Noocyada aphids-ka oo ay qabteen dabinno huruud ah 2017-2018.
Noocyada | Degmada Kotlas | Degmada Kholmogorsky | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2017 | 2018 | 2017 | 2018 | |||||
Wadarta, kumbiyuutarada. | % | Wadarta, kumbiyuutarada. | % | Wadarta, kumbiyuutarada. | % | Wadarta, kumbiyuutarada. | % | |
Aulacorthum solaniKalt. | 43 | 30.71 | 21 | 12.72 | 34 | 40 | 13 | 12.15 |
Xajmiga Aphis fabae. | 25 | 17.86 | 44 | 26.67 | 7 | 8.24 | 19 | 17.75 |
Hyperomyzus lactucae L. | 17 | 12.14 | 23 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 13.08 |
Aphis nasturtii Kalt. | 14 | 10 | 12 | 7.27 | 33 | 38.8 | 8 | 7.48 |
Macrosiphum rosae L. | 10 | 8.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Rhopalosiphum padi L. | 9 | 6.43 | 26 | 15,76 | 2 | 2.35 | 25 | 23.36 |
Sitobion avenae F. | 8 | 7.51 | 15 | 9.1 | 7 | 8.24 | 9 | 8.41 |
Capitophorus elaeagni Guerc. | 6 | 4.29 | 2 | 1.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Aphis sambuci L. | 4 | 2.86 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Rhopalosiphoninus ribesinus Goot. | 2 | 1.43 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Anoecia corni F. | 2 | 1.43 | 4 | 2.42 | 1 | 1.16 | 11 | 10.28 |
Acyrthosiphon pisum Harr. | 0 | 0 | 4 | 2.42 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Brachycaudus cardui Kalt. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Macrosiphum euphorbiae Thomas | 0 | 0 | 5 | 3.03 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Cinara Costata Zett. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2.36 | 2 | 1.87 |
Rhopalosiphum insertum Socodka. | 0 | 0 | 8 | 4.85 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 5.61 |
Wadarta | 140 | 100 | 165 | 100 | 86 | 100 | 107 | 100 |
Hawsha barokacidda tartiib-tartiib ah ee soo-saarka miraha baradhada ee Ruushka ee gobollada badan ee woqooyiga oo leh cadaadis dulinka hooseeya ayaa bilaabmay. Shirkado casri ah ayaa horay uga shaqeynayay gobollada Kostroma, Novgorod, Vologda, gobollada Arkhangelsk, Karelia. Saamaynta Primorsky waxaa loo isticmaalaa gobolka Kaliningrad. Shaki la'aan, adeegsiga cimilada iyo go'doominta xagjirnimada xagjirka ah ee la dagaallanka cudurrada fayraska waxay siisaa shirkadaha woqooyiga faa'iidooyin aad u weyn. Iyada oo ay jiraan fursadaha dabiiciga ah ee noocan oo kale ah, sii wadida ka-qaybgalka wax-soo-saarka abuurka baradho ee Badhtamaha ChZZ, gobolka Volga, iyo xitaa koonfurta oo sii dheeraata waa khatar aan qiil lahayn. Guud ahaan, feker ahaanteyda, soosaarida abuurka baradhada xirfadleyda ah waa in laga dhigaa meel ka sareysa 54 isku mid ah, halkaasoo celceliska heerkulka bil kasta uusan ka badneyn 20оС, iyo xaddiga roobab inta lagu jiro xilliga koritaanka waa in ka badan 260 mm. Xaaladaha cimilada ee raaxada leh kaliya laguma kala soocin asal yar oo faafa oo ah aphids, laakiin sidoo kale waxay hubisaa sameynta tayada dhalidda sare ee abuurka. Baradhadu waa culays badan tahay waxayna falcelin xun ku yeelataa faraca hawo sare iyo heerkulka carrada iyo qoyaan la’aan. Waqooyiga fogfog miyaa fiican? Maya, waxaa jira xayiraad ka imanaya waqooyiga iyo bariga - muddada qabowgu ka madhan yahay waa inuu ahaadaa ugu yaraan 100 maalmood, wadarta heerkulka firfircoon waa inuu ka badnaadaa 1200 darajo. Mugga wax soo saarka abuurka woqooyiga waxaa ku xaddidan dhibaatooyinka xagga saadka, abaabulka wax soo saarka, shaqo la’aanta iyo carrada ku habboon. Waxay noqon laheyd caqli gal in la jiheeyo kheyraadka barnaamijka taranka baradhada iyo abuurida abuurka ee 2018-2025 si loo abuuro hal dhul oo abuurka woqooyiga ka baxa ee ku yaal wadan cabirkiisu aad u sareeyo, si kastaba ha noqotee, barnaamijkan ma uusan gaarin heer aad u sareeya oo ah fahamka dhibaatooyinka hada jira iyo meelaha wax ku oolka ah ee horumarka.
Doorka dhaqamada carqaladda
Dalagyada ka hortaga waa in loo adeegsadaa wax soo saarka abuurka heer kasta oo ah cadaadiska dulinka. Farqiga midabka ee u dhexeeya walxaha dhirta iyo carrada qaawan ayaa la muujiyey inuu soo jiito aphids, taas oo keeneysa aphids badan inay ku degto dhir aad u daran. Meel ay caga dhigato, aphids waxay tixgelisaa aag kasta oo ciidda ah oo aan cidina dagin - nusqaamaha, ceebaha, ka saarida in kabadan seddex dhir oo isku xigta inta lagu gudajiray nadiifinta jirka, astaamaha lagu buufiyo iyo qalabka wax lagu rusheeyo. Yaraynta qadarka ciidda qaawan ee hareeraha iyo inta udhaxeysa dhirta baradhada ayaa si weyn u yareynaysa tirada aphids-ka duulaya. Iyadoo la raacayo, in loo daayo aagag kasta oo aysan ku mashquulin dhir ku taal goobaha abuurka, ha ahaato safaf kala qaybiya, cidhifyada beeraha, waa qurux badan yihiin, laakiin waxay ka careysiisaa faafida cudurada faafa (sawirka 11)
Waa sax in la dhigo dalagyada caqabadaha u dhow dhirta baradhada, oo looga tago uumiga madow, waddooyinka gadaashooda (sawirka 12, 13). Xaaladdan oo kale, afafku wuxuu ka falceliyaa midabka farqiga u dhexeeya wuxuuna ku degaa dhirta dhaqanka caqabadda. Inta lagu jiro quudinta ama tijaabada
Cirbadaha, qalabkeeda afkeeda waxaa laga nadiifiyay walxaha fayraska ku dhaca. Maaddaama dalagyada caqabaddu aysan ku jirin fayrasyo, aphids-ku waxay noqdaan "nadiif" ama infekshan yar markay u guuraan baradhada. Tani waxay si wax ku ool ah ugu shaqeysaa inta badan cudurrada fayraska, marka laga reebo FLRV.
Aagga uu dalagga xayndaabku ka baxo wuxuu u noqdaa dabin wax ku ool u ah aphids-ka haddii uu ballaciisu yahay dhowr mitir oo keliya, hal ama laba baas oo daloolinta ah. Xulashada dalaggu way ballaadhan tahay, waxa ugu muhiimsan waa inaysan ahayn kuwa sidaha fayrasyada baradhada. Badarka ugu badan ee la isticmaalo waa qamadiga, galley, shaciir, masago, masaggo, ryegrass, iwm. (sawirka 14). Caqli gal ah, laakiin u baahan daryeel gaar ah oo ku saabsan sirqoollada abuurka, xulashooyinka abuurista caqabad loogu talagalay aphids waxay abuureysaa meel u dhow cawska iyo cawska (sawirka 13) iyo beero ku wareegsan baradho (sawirka 15) Si kastaba ha noqotee, qofku waa inuu ogaadaa inaysan jirin wax khatar ah oo isku dhafan noocyo keliya haddii abuur fara badan la dhigo isla beerta.
Haddii dalagyada caqabadaha aan la isticmaalin, markaa waxay macno u leedahay in lagu beero goob abuur ah oo ka mid ah alaabada ilaalinta dhirta oo ay weheliso hareeraha inta badan maaddada ugu weyn ama u isticmaal dalagga safafka sare ujeeddooyin cunno. Soosaarka abuurka baradhada dabiiciga ah, nooc kale oo carqalad midab ah ayaa si ballaaran loogu dhaqmaa - mulching ciidda leh oat ama geedo geedo masago (sawirka 16). Midabka cad ee ka muuqdaa wuxuu celiyaa aphids wuxuuna ka celiyaa iyaga inay kala soocaan kala sooca midabka u dhexeeya carrada qaawan iyo dhirta baradhada. Way cadahay in farsamadan loo isticmaali karo oo keliya meelaha yar yar.
Dhirta hoyga
Hoyga dhirta ee ka ilaalinta aphids-ka oo xanbaarsan cudurada fayraska ee soosaarka abuurka baradho ma baahsana. Inkasta oo fariimaha xilliyada qaarkood ay mowduucani muuqdaan, iyo laba nooc oo daahan ah ayaa xitaa ganacsi ahaan laga heli karaa. Midka hore waxa ku jira shabagyada laga sameeyay dunta caagga ah (nooc ka mid ah maro kaneecada, sawirka 17), oo ku jira qaab shiraacyo ballaadhan. Aafooyinka duulaya, caleenta caleenta, psyllids ma geli karaan unugyada wax ka yar 0,6 mm. Isla mar ahaantaana, mahadsanid sannado badan oo cilmi-baaris ah oo ay sameeyeen saynisyahanno New Zealand ah (Merfield CN 2014, 2017, 2019), waxaa la aasaasay in xitaa hoosta shabakadda leh unugyada 0,3 mm, ay jiraan dad badan oo aphids ah. Sidee? Dareenka cuntada cayayaanku aad ayuu u xoogan yahay. Aphids waxay ka helaan baradho daboolka. Ma dhex geli karto nafteeda, waa hagaag, waxaa kale oo jira carruur - nymphs aad u yar yar (sawirka 18), oo abidku dhasho isla markaaba isagoo nool oo gaajaysan. Waxay ku dhex gurguuranayaan unugyada ugu yar. Daboolka waxay bilaabeen inay si dhakhso leh u tarmaan. Si ay u soo jiitaan ugaarsadeyaasha markooda. Ayaa sidoo kale ah inay gartaan sida looga adkaado hoyga. Sawirka 19 - ukunta la tolo, oo lagu xareeyay habka hoyga.
Saameyn kale oo xun oo ah mesh-ka la tolay ayaa ah kororka heerkulka. Markuu yaryahay cabbirka unugyadu, ayuu kolba heerkulku kacaa. Markay tahay 0,3 mm, heerkulka ku hoos jira daboolka wuxuu 30% ka sarreeyaa asalka dabiiciga ah. Qodobka seddexaad ayaa ah gelitaan aan dhameystirneyn hoostiisa alaabada ilaalinta dhirta. Soosaarayaasha iyo inta raacsan tiknoolajiyaddan ayaa lagu qasbay inay ku taliyaan isticmaalka soo noqnoqda ee sunta cayayaanka ee saameynta xun leh. Si aad iyaga u baratid, waxaad u baahan tahay inaad sare u qaaddo hoyga, dabcan, maahan wax daqiiqad ah, taas oo ka dhigeysa qodobka go'doominku mid aad u shardi ah.
Tan afraad, hoyga ma oggola nadaafadda, iyo markii uu korayo iniin baradhada, waa lama huraan, xitaa qaybaha ugu sarreeya. Shanaad, xoogsaarida shaqada sare ee shaqada. Caawinta tiknoolajiyada, waxaad kala bixi kartaa oo aad dib u laabi kartaa maaddada (sawirka 20). Laakiin waxaad u baahan doontaa inaad gacanta kala bixiso, aad hayso oo aad ku daboosho carrada. Koox ka kooban 10 qof ayaa ugu badnaan 3 hektar halkii wareeg ah. Maaddaama shaqada dhulku jir ahaan adag tahay, tayada budadu waxay kuxirantahay miyirka shaqaalaha. Haddii carrada aan loo isticmaalin ku filan, ugu yaraan meelaha, markaa dabaysha sare ee ka timaadda dabaysha awgood, maaddadu way kacdaa, iyo saamaynta hoyga waa in dib loo soo celiyo mar kale. Iyo kan ugu dambeeya - qiimaha sare ee qalabka gacanta, laga bilaabo 5 ilaa 10 kun oo doolar halkii hektar, oo leh xayeysiin 10 sano ah.
Qalabka daboolan ee aan tolnayn - dhogorta, lafdhabarta, agrospan - ayaa xitaa ku habboon wax-soo-saarka abuurka baradhada. Ujeedada ugu weyn ee laga leeyahay ayaa ah in laga ilaaliyo dhaxanta isla markaana la dardar geliyo bislaanshaha dalagyada khudradda. Waxay ku siin karaan ka hortag xagjir ah oo ku saabsan aphids, maadaama aysan lahayn unugyo. Laakiin kaliya inta la ilaalinayo sharafta, taas oo ay adag tahay in la ilaaliyo. Waxyaabaha 17-40 micron qaro weyn waxaa si fudud u jeexjeexay dabaysha, roobdhagaxyaalaha, xayawaanka duurjoogta ah, taayirada gawaarida (sawirka 21). Faa'iido-darrooyinka kale waxay ka badan yihiin ama ka yar yihiin kuwii aan ka soo hadalnay markii lagu sifaynayay daahannada gacanta. Maaddaama maaddada daboolan ee aan xidhnayn la tuuri karo, qiimaheeda xilli ciyaareedkiiba waa la barbar dhigi karaa qiimaha mesh - $ 600-700 / ha. Nidaamka heerkulka iyo u nuglaanta alaabada ka hortagga dhirta ayaa ah kuwo aan fiicnayn. Xilliga xagaaga, heerkulka hoosta noocan oo kale ah wuxuu ka adkaan karaa baarka 40 darajo, oo aan wax su'aal ah laga qabin xaaladda caadiga ah ee baradhada abuurka, tuberization iyo isu-ururinta dalagga ay istaagaan. Waxaa jira dareen gaar ah oo ku saabsan isticmaalka maaddada wax lagu daboolo ee aan dunta lahayn oo keliya bilowga xilliga sii kordhaya - isla markaaba ka dib samaysanka cufannada iyo soo bandhigida doogga carrada, dabool, waa haddii laga saaraa bilowga samayska xatooyada. Sidaa darteed, dhirta ayaa si kalsooni leh looga ilaalin doonaa infekshinka muddada ugu daran, laakiin waxaa suurtagal noqon doonta in laga fogaado saameynta xun ee hoyga ku yeelanayo qaaxada, soo saarista guryaha iyo tayada tallaabooyinka ilaalinta. In kasta oo 90% abuurka beeraleyda ay wali tixgelinayaan dhaqankan beeraha inuu yahay mid aan faaiido lahayn, maadaama dhirta ay daboolnaan doonaan 20-25 maalmood oo keliya
Saliida macdanta
Saliidda macdanta waxaa markii ugu horreysay la soo jeediyay si looga hortago gudbinta fayraska sannadihii 60-meeyadii waxaana hadda si ballaaran u isticmaala beeraleyda baradhada abuurka ku leh adduunka oo dhan (Prasad R. et al., 2011). Saliidda macdanta 'paraffinic' waxay siisaa ka hortagga ugu wanaagsan ee gudbinta fayraska. Noocyo badan ayaa lagu yaqaan suuqa (Sunoco 7E, Sunspray Ultrafine 85%, Sunspray 850 EC, Glacial Spray Fluid, Organic JMS Stylet Oil, Purespray / 13E), dhammaan badeecadahan waxaa loo oggolaaday in loo isticmaalo beeraha.
Saliidaha macdanta ayaa la muujiyey inay yareynayaan awoodda afhyadu u leeyihiin inay qaadaan fayrasyada aan joogteyn saddex siyaabood: beddelidda dhaqanka quudinta; waxay leeyihiin saameyn sunta cayayaanka tooska ah waxayna wax ka badalaan isdhexgalka fayraska iyo aphids si ay ugu faafto faafida viruska.
1. Saameyn ku yeelashada dhaqanka aphids. Gelitaanka stylet-ka ee geedka ayaa dib loo dhigaa marka geedka lagu buufiyo saliidda macdanta. Haddii dhirta lagu daaweeyo saliidda macdanta, tirada aphids ee bilaaba quudinta inta lagu jiro 30-ka ilbiriqsi ee ugu horreeya geedka waxaa la dhimayaa 50%. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, saliidaha ayaa lagu neceb yahay aphids, laakiin waxay kaliya soconayaan illaa 30 daqiiqo ka dib markii lagu buufiyay.
2. Toos tallaal cayayaanka loogu qaado aphids. Tiro daraasado ah ayaa muujiyay burburka tooska ah ee aphids iyadoo ay saameyn ku leedahay saliidaha macdanta. Sida cayayaanka kale oo dhan, waxtarka saliida macdanta waxay kuxirantahay inta la isticmaalay. Haddii saliid lagu buufiyo caleemaha ka hor inta aan la arkin aphid peach cagaaran, heerka dhimashadu waxay u dhaxeysaa 11,7 ilaa 20,8% (Martin et al., 2004). Buufisyada la buufiyey kadib markii caleemaha la gumeystey aphid peach cagaaran waxay sababtey dhimashada 80% (Martin et al. 2006). Saliidaha ayaa waxtar badan leh marka cufnaanta tirada dadka ku nool ay hooseyso.
3. Yaraynta gudbinta fayraska. Waxaa la ogaaday in saliidaha macdanta ay ka hortagaan in fayrasku ku sii jiro afkiisa afkiisa iyo stylet-ka. Caadi ahaan, walxaha PVY waxay ku sii jiri karaan stylet of aphid peach cagaaran illaa 17 saacadood ka dib markay quudiyaan geedka cudurka qaba. Si kastaba ha noqotee, daaweynta saliida dhirta waxay keeneysaa waqtiga haynta fayraska oo kaliya 2 daqiiqo (Wrobel B., 2009), taas oo yareynaysa mugga caabuqa 50-70% marka loo eego kontaroolada aan la daaweyn (Powell et al., 1998; Boiteau et al. , 2008).
Isku dhafka waxyaabahan ayaa saliida macdanta ka dhigaya mid ka mid ah aaladaha ugu wax ku oolka badan ee lagula dagaallamayo faafidda fayrasyada. Xaaladdan oo kale, saameynta ugu weyn waxaa lagu gaari karaa iyada oo si joogto ah looga shaqeynayo dhammaan goobta.
Waxaa jira dhowr tilmaam oo loogu talagalay isticmaalka wax ku oolka ah ee saliidaha. Marka hore, waxaa loo isticmaali karaa oo keliya qeybta hore ee xilli koraya, kahor sameynta digriiga. Qiyaasta waxtarka leh waa hal litir maalintii, i.e. haddii difaac la qorsheeyo 5 maalmood, markaa sicirka waa 5 l / ha, haddii 10 maalmood, ka dibna 10 l / ha. Laakiin sicir badan, waa wax aan macquul aheyn in la ilaaliyo xayiraadahan soo socda - fiirsashada ugu wanaagsan ee biyaha waa 1,0-1,5%. Xagga sare 2% fiirsashada saliida, gubashada caleen daran ayaa la arkaa, oo la mid ah astaamaha cudurka 'Alternaria' (Sawirada 22, 23).
Kala duwanaanta saliidaha laga heli karo Ruushka waa ku filan tahay. Saliidaha caadiga ah ee loo yaqaan 'paraffin oil' waa noocyada loo yaqaan 'Preparation 30 Plus (NPF Sober) iyo Olemix (Sumitomo), esters oil esters - Mero (Bayer) iyo Rapsol (Elite Agrosystems) waxaana jira hal diyaarin la isku daray oo ku saleysan malathion iyo saliidda macdanta - Prophylactin ( Ogast) Midkoodna ma haysto ogolaansho toos ah oo loo isticmaalo is-dilid baradho abuurka ah. Iyo guud ahaan, looma dhigo inay yihiin qaab difaac, laakiin waxay u eg yihiin adjuvants - wakiilada qoynta oo kordhiya waxtarka sunta cayayaanka. Laakiin awooddan ma jiraan wax xaddidaad ah oo loo adeegsado.
Amarka qiimaha saliida macdanta maanta waa min 150 (Diyaar garow 30 Plus) ilaa 700 (Mero) ruble / litir. Waxay si fiican ugu dhex milmaan waxsoosaarka ilaalinta dhirta, laakiin waxaa jira macluumaad ku saabsan saameynta aan la jeclaan karin markii lagu qaso fungicides Ranman Top, Shirlan, copper-iyo baaruud ku jira fungicides iyo nafaqeeyayaalka yar yar, oo leh sunta cayayaanka loo adeegsado ee Biscay. Si loo hubiyo xakamaynta joogtada ah ee aphids, saliidda waxaa sida ugu wanaagsan loo isticmaalaa kaligeed ama lagu daraa cayayaanka lala xiriiro, inta u dhexeysa inta u dhexeysa arjiga fangaska iyo cayayaanka nidaamsan.
Sunta cayayaanka
Si loo dhiso nidaam wax ku ool ah oo loo adeegsado isticmaalka walxaha kiimikada si loola dagaallamo vector-ka cudurrada fayraska, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in si cad loo fahmo labada ikhtiyaar ee gudbinta fayrasyada ee loo yaqaan aphids. Fayraska duudduuban ee caleenta baradho ayaa si joogto ah loogu gudbiyaa Waxay gashaa nidaamka wareegga ee aphid, cayayaanka ayaa weli faafa inta uu noolyahay. Gudbinta noocan ahi waxay u baahan tahay waqti dheer oo quudin ah. Gudbinta wax ku oolka ah ee dhir-ka-aphid ee fayraska waxay qaadataa ugu yaraan 10-20 daqiiqo, isla waqtigaas oo lamid ahna waxaa looga baahan yahay gudbinta fayraska dhir caafimaad leh. Natiijo ahaan, aphids waa inay ku sii jirtaa geedka muddo dheer. Labada aphids ee baradhada gumeysta, miro baradhada miraha Myzus persicae iyo baradhada loo yaqaan 'Macrosiphum euphorbiae', ayaa ah kuwa ugu waaweyn ee sidaha fayraska joogtada ah. Intaa waxaa sii dheer, aphid peach wuxuu leeyahay 10 jeer ka sii badnaan kara gudbinta marka la barbar dhigo baradhada. Qaabka gudbinta ee joogtada ah waa fududahay in la xakameeyo. Dhamaan cayayaanka cayayaanka waxtar ayey u leeyihiin kiiskan. Sidaa darteed, dhacdadii VSLV ee baradho abuurka la waayey.
Aan joogto ahayn, taasi waa, asal ahaan farsamo ahaan, dhammaan noocyada kale ee fayrasyada sababa faafitaanka mosaic caleen: A, X, M, S, Y. Fayrasyadan waxaa loo wareejiyaa stylet (quudinta qaybaha afka) ee aphids-ka dhirta baradho ee cudurka qaba iyo noocyo kale oo badan oo dalagyo ah dhaqso, daqiiqad gudaheed. Markuu abidku ka duulo mid ka mid ah geed kale, wuu baadhaa, dhadhamiyaa, haddii aanu helin wax la aqbali karo, wuu sii socdaa. Sababtoo ah ururinta gaaban iyo waqtiyada gudbinta ee infekshinka, aphids-ka aan gumaysiga lahayn ayaa door weyn ka ciyaara faafitaanka fayrasyada mosaic. Sababtaas awgeed, fayrasyada noocan oo kale ah waxay ku faafi karaan dhammaan qaybaha oo dhan si ka dhakhso badan FLRV. Adeegsiga sunta cayayaanka ayaa dhif ah inay ku guuleysato xakamaynta joogtada ah ee fayraskan. Cirbadaha cayayaanka ee saameynta garaaca ayaa waxtar badan ka leh cirbadeynta tijaabada, booqasho kedis ah oo baradho ah. Daawooyinka lagu calaamadeeyay xannibaadayaasha quudinta ee xulashada leh (pymetrozine, flonicamide) ayaa si dhakhso ah u curyaamiya aphids iskudaya inay quudiyaan. Nidaamka, sunta cayayaanka ee translaminar ayaan door weyn ka ciyaarin ka hortagga gudbinta iyaga oo u gudbinaya noocyada. Laakiin had iyo jeer waxay sii ahaadaan qayb qasab ah oo ka mid ah barnaamijka ilaalinta badi abuurka baradho abuurka, maaddaama ay xaddidayaan heerka labaad, dhir-ilaa-dhir, faafidda fayrasyada iyagoo si kalsooni leh u xakameynaya gumeysiga noocyada aphid.
Liiska sunta cayayaanka ee loo oggol yahay xakamaynta cirridka ee Ruushka waa mid hodan ah oo kaladuwan. Saameynta garaacista waxaa bixiya maaddooyinka firfircoon: deltamethrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin. Diyaargarowga 'Neocotinoid' waxaa metela maaddooyinka firfircoon ee acetamiprid, imidacloprid, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam. Waa suurtagal in la isticmaalo d. Jasiiradaha leh qaabab kale oo ficil: bifenthrin, pymetrozine, spirotetramate, chlorantraniliprol, dimethoate, flonicamide. Saamaynta adag ee xakamaynta waxaa bixiya dawooyin isku dhafan oo ah lambda-cyhalothrin + acetamiprid, spirotetramate + imidacloprid, thiacloprid + deltamethrin, thiamethoxam + chloranthraniliprol.
Kala duwanaanta cayayaanka sunta ah ee ka yimaada beeraleyda abuurka Ruushka ayaa ah kan ugu casrisan uguna hooseeya ee u oggolaanaya inay bixiyaan difaac wax ku ool ah. Isla EU-da, neonicotinoids badankood waa la mamnuucay khatarta shinnida darteed. Maxay yihiin qorshayaasha ugu fiican? Tusaale ahaan, shirkadaha 'Syngenta' iyo 'Bayer' waxay soo bandhigaan qorshooyinkooda ilaalinta aafada, maxaa yeelay waxay leeyihiin dhowr nooc oo ah ka hortagga cayayaanka d. In-in. Laakiin xaalad kasta oo aad u baahan tahay inaad si miyir leh u doorato, waxaa fiican inaad isku darto alaabooyinka soo saarayaasha kala duwan. Markaad sameysid nidaam kahortaga kiimikada, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la ilaaliyo mabaadi'da caanka ah ee la yaqaan: ha u oggolaan adeegsiga isku xigxiga ee wax kasta oo cayayaanka dilaya, daawooyinka kale oo leh habab tallaabo kale. Bilowga xilliga koriinka, sunta cayayaanka ee loo yaqaan 'pyrethroid cayayaanka' ayaa ku filan, maaddaama caleenta dusha sare ee foomka iyo cadaadiska dulinka uu kordho, u beddelo walxaha firfircoon ee translaminar iyo waxyaabaha la isku daray. Wixii loo yaqaan 'pyrethroids', saqafka heerkulka ee waxtarka waa 25оC. Muddada ficilka wax ku oolka ah ee pyrethroids - illaa 7 maalmood, daroogo nidaamsan iyo isku dhafan - 14 maalmood.
Waxaa jira macluumaad ku saabsan soo bixitaanka iska caabinta aphid peach ee Yurub ilaa deltamethrin, acetamiprid, iyo esfenvalerat. Mareykanka gudahiisa, xaqiiqooyinka noocaas ah lama diiwaan gelin. Ha u isticmaalin sunta cayayaanka ee halista ah (d.v.-va: deltamethrin, flonikamide, thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, pymetrozin) inta lagu jiro bees xagaaga firfircoon ee aagga, jiritaanka haramaha ubax ee beeraha baradhada, ama haddii la oggol yahay horumarinta gumeysiyada aphid iyo malabka ayaa sameysmay, soo jiidashada shinnida. Qaar ka mid ah d.-va way awoodaan, haddii heerka dalabku aanu ku filnayn ama dhawr maalmood ka dib codsashada, ma sababi karaan geerida aphids, laakiin waa saameyn sarkhaansan iyo dhaqdhaqaaq kordhay, i.e. waxa kale oo jiri kara kororka ka hor imaad ee heerka infakshanka fayraska ee isticmaalka sunta cayayaanka. Waxaa lagugula talinayaa inaad daaweyn sameysid kaliya marka laga gaaro xadka dhibaatada. Waa lagama maarmaan in la tixgeliyo saameynta aphids bilowga xilliga sii kordhaya iyadoo cayayaanka la adeegsado marka abuurka la abuurayo. Kahortaga waa in la sii wadaa ilaa caleenta ay gebi ahaanba qallajiso. Dib-u-soo-noqoshadeeda soo noqnoqota waxay keenaysaa koror ballaaran oo infekshinka fayraska.
Gabagabadii, waxaan mar labaad xoojinaynaa in waxyeelada sare iyo tan joogtada ah ee sii kordheysa ee cudurada fayrasku ay ugu wacan tahay astaamahooda bayoolaji iyo jiritaanka habab kala duwan oo faafitaan ah. Xaaladaha asalka faafa ee sare iyo cadaadiska dulinka, dhammaantood
Daawooyinka la heli karo kama hortegi karaan infekshinka dhirta baradho leh fayrasyo aan joogto ahayn. Xakamaynta wax ku oolka ah ee cudurada fayraska ee baradhada ee soosaarka abuurka, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la isticmaalo abuur leh caabuq yar oo fayras ah, hel waxsoosaarka baradho abuurka ee gobolada leh asal yar oo faafa iyo cadaadiska dulinka, isticmaal dalagyada caqabadaha, samee kormeer joogto ah oo ku saabsan dhaqdhaqaaqa xagaaga iyo noocyada noocyada aphids, hirgelinta barnaamij lagu xakameynayo aphids marka gaaritaanka marinka halista ee ku saleysan isticmaalka saliidda macdanta iyo xulashada fekerka leh ee cayayaanka.