Gobolka Saratov wuxuu ku yaal koonfurta-bari ee qaybta Yurub ee Ruushka, qaybta waqooyiga ee gobolka Volga Hoose. Galbeedka illaa bari, dhulku wuxuu gaarayaa 575 km, waqooyiga ilaa koonfur - 330 km.
Sida laga soo xigtay Guddiga Tirakoobka Gobolka ee Ruushka, dadka ku nool gobolka waa 2 qof. (496). Saamiga dadka reer miyiga ah waa 552%. Gobolka Saratov dhaqan ahaan waa gobol beereed. Marka la eego mugga wax soo saarka beeraha ee la soo saaray, gobolku wuxuu ku jiraa kaalinta 2014aad ee gobollada Ruushka.
Wadarta guud ee dhul beereedka (dhamaan qaybaha dhulka) waa 8417,6 kun hektar. Saamiga beeraha ee aagga lagu beeray waa 45%.
Cimilada gobolku waa dhexdhexaad qaaradeed: kuleyllo kulul oo qallalan oo dhaadheer, maalmo aad u tiro badan oo heerkulkoodu ka sarreeyo 30 ° C. Jiilaalku waa dhaxan, guga waa gaaban yahay. Dayrta kuma kala duwanaan sanadba sanadka ka dambeeya cimilada joogtada ah. Daboolis baraf deggan ayaa ka sameysma gobollada woqooyi ugu dambayn Nofeembar 25, iyo gobollada dhexe iyo koonfurta - laga bilaabo Noofambar 29 illaa Diseembar 8.
Warshadda baradhada ee muhiimadeeda waxaa loo arkaa mid ka mid ah qaybaha ugu muhiimsan ee waaxda beeraha ee gobolka Volga. Ciidda iyo xaaladaha cimilada ee gobolka Saratov guud ahaanba way ku wanaagsan yihiin soo saarista baradhada, taas oo go’aamisa qiimaha dhaqaale ee muhiimka u ah gobolka. Isla mar ahaantaana, isbeddelo muhiim ah ayaa ka dhacay baradho ku koraya gobolka sannadihii la soo dhaafay. Isticmaalka teknolojiyadda degdegga ah iyo ilaha tamarta xaddidan ayaa ka dhigay wax soo saarka baradho qaalisan. Sidaas darteed, aagga lagu beero geedo baradho iyo baaxaddiisa wax soo saarka ayaa si weyn hoos ugu dhacday qaybta dadweynaha. Sidaa daraadeed, saamiga shirkadaha ganacsiga iyo K (F) X ee wax soo saarka baradhada ee gobolka Saratov ayaa hoos uga dhacay 22% 1990 ilaa 5% sanadkii 2012.
Xaaladda hadda jirta waxay si xun u saamaysay xasiloonida baradhada ee dadka ku nool magaalooyinka, gaar ahaan xilliga qaboobaha-guga, waxay u horseedday inay ka sii darto tayada badeecada, waxay kordhisay hoos udhaca tartamida baradhada maxalliga ah marka la barbar dhigo badeecadaha ka imanaya Penza, Tambov, Voronezh gobollada iyo gobollada kale ee dariska la ah ee Ruushka, iyo sidoo kale dibedda. .
Sababaha koritaanka
In kasta oo ay jiraan dhibaatooyin ujeedo ah, qodobbada soo socda ayaa gacan ka geysta horumarinta wax soo saarka baradho ee gobolka:
- cunitaan dhaqameed sare oo waarta oo baradhada ay dadku leeyihiin;
- xaalado dabiici iyo cimilo wanaagsan oo ku habboon inta badan gobolka;
- bacriminta sare ee carrada chernozem ee Bangiga Midig, waqooyiga iyo qeybaha dhexe ee Bangiga Bidix, halkaas oo ay macquul tahay in laga abaabulo wax soo saar xasiloon oo baradho waraab ah;
- horumarinta gaadiidka iyo kaabayaasha macluumaadka;
- helitaanka isku xirnaanta taageerada sayniska ee warshadaha oo ka socota Machadka Cilmi-baarista ee Ruushka oo dhan (VNIIKH, Gobolka Moscow), “Saratov State Agrarian University im. N.I. Vavilov ”, Machadka Cilmi-baarista Beeraha ee Koonfurta-Bariga iyo Machadka Cilmi-baarista Beeraha ee Penza;
- hirgelinta mashaariic ballaadhan oo maalgashi oo loogu talagalay horumarinta wax soo saarka iyo hagaajinta nidaamka keydinta baradhada (bishii Oktoobar 2012, waxaa heshiis la saxiixday shirkadda Malino, oo ku hawlan horumarinta tikniyoolajiyada casriga ah ee baradhada ka baxda gobollo badan oo Ruushka ah);
- tallaabooyin wax ku ool ah oo ku saabsan taageerada gobolka ee soosaarayaasha baradhada ee miisaaniyadda gobolka.
Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, shirkadaha beeraha iyo K (F) X, waxaa si aad ah u kordhay waxsoosaarka baradhada marka loo eego beeraha guryaha (miiska). Si kastaba ha noqotee, meelaha lagu beeray ma ahan kuwo ballaaran - sanadkii 2012, shirkadaha beeraha ee gobolka, baradhada waxaa lagu beeray dhul cabirkiisu dhan yahay 0,5 kun hektar iyo K (F) X - 0,7 kun hektar. Kaliya shan beerood oo ah aagga lagu beeray baradhada waxay ka badneyd 50 hektar (RosAgro-Zavolzhye LLC, gobolka Krasnokutsk, beeraha Rubin ee degmada Bazarno-Karabulaksky, VIT LLC, PY Shherenko farm iyo M.P. Kryuchkova farm) . "Degmada Engels). Sannadkii 2013, in ka badan 35 soo saareyaal beereed waaweyn, dhexdhexaad ah iyo kuwo yaryar ah ayaa ku hawlanaa tacbashada baradhada ee gobolka Saratov. Intaa waxaa dheer, horeyba sideed beerood aagga baradhadu waxay dhaaftay 50 hektar.
Horumar dheeraad ah oo ku soo kordha baradho baradho ah waa in loogu talagalay in lagu siiyo dadweynaha ku nool magaalooyinka gobolka wax soo saar tayo leh, gaar ahaan xilliga qaboobaha-guga. Isticmaalka baradhada ee waqtigan, oo ku saleysan heerarka caafimaad ee wanaagsan (95 kg sanadkii), ayaa ka badan 60,0 kun oo tan. Laga bilaabo 10 illaa 20 kun oo tan oo baradho ah ayaa loo dhoofiyaa sannad kasta gobolka, qayb muhiim ah oo laga soo saari karo beeraha baradhada ee gobolka. Xaaladda isla siman ee muhiimka u ah horumarinta baradho ku soo kordha gobolka waa in ay noqotaa abaabul nidaam loogu talagalay kaydinta, socodsiinta iyo iibinta.
Arimaha Kaydinta
Xaaladaha casriga ah ee suuqa, waxaa muhiim ah ma ahan oo keliya in la soo saaro baradhada tayo sare leh, laakiin sidoo kale in la ilaaliyo illaa dalag cusub, la siiyo sheyga muuqaal suuq geyn leh, sameysnaan dufcad ballaaran si loo hubiyo in si joogto ah loo geeyo jumladaha iyo ururada tafaariiqda. Tan waxaa lagu samayn karaa iyada oo lagu xirayo nidaamka kaydinta iyo habaynta.
Waqtigaan la joogo, ma jiraan bakhaarro baradho gaar ah oo ku filan gobolka oo ay ku qalabeysan yihiin qalab farsamo, hawo firfircoon iyo habab lagu xakameeyo cimilada. Baradhadu badanaa waxay ku keydsan tahay dukaamada khudaarta ama bakhaarro duugoobay. Xarumaha ugu waaweyn ee baradhada lagu keydiyo waxay ku yaalaan "Shherenko P.Yu." iyo KFH "Kryuchkova M.P." Degmada Engels.
Soosaarayaasha baradhada waxay si toos ah u leeyihiin ilaa 10 kun oo tan oo ah kaydinta baradhada. Waa in lagu nuuxnuuxsadaa in xarumaha wax lagu kaydiyo ay si aan kala sooc lahayn ugu baahinayaan soosaarayaasha: 12 ka mid ah 35 soo saarayaasha waaweyn, dhexdhexaad ah iyo kuwa yar ayaa leh.
Waa iska cadahay in tas-hiilaadka kaydinta ee hadda jira aysan ku filnayn mugga la qorsheeyay ee soo-saarka baradhada. Abuuritaanka bakhaarro cusub ayaa xaddiday kharashka badan ee ku baxaya dhismahooda. Qiimaha lagu dhisayo keydinta baradho oo muggiisu yahay 1,5-2 kun tan ayaa gaaraya 11-12 milyan oo rubi, mugga 3-3,5 kun tan - 22-23 milyan oo rubi.
Gobolka kama jiraan shirkado wax lagu karsado oo baradho ah oo ka caawin kara soo-saareyaasha beeraha wax-ku-oolnimada iibka waxsoosaarka, sida ka jirta Netherlands, Jarmalka, Denmark, France, USA iyo dalal kale.
Taageerada gobolka
Si loo horumariyo baradho baradhada gobolka 2013, barnaamij bartilmaameed ayaa la sameeyay “Kordhinta wax soo saarka baradhada ee gobolka Saratov ee 2013-2015”. Hirgelinta Barnaamijka wuxuu bixiyaa koror wejigi ah oo lagu beeray baradho baradho ah oo lagu beeray iyada oo lagu saleynayo tikniyoolajiyad casri ah iyo qaab farsamo, koror wax soo saar iyo soosaar guud ee wax soo saarka baradhada, sameynta qalab cusub iyo saldhig farsamo ee beeraha baradhada, iyo abuurista shaqooyin dheeraad ah.
Sannadihii 2013-2015, Dowladda Gobolka Saratov waxay qorsheyneysaa inay caawiso ururada beeraha iyo K (F) X oo ku howlan wax soo saarka baradhada iibsiga mashiinada iyo aaladaha, abuurka iyo bacriminta macdanta, taas oo xaqiijin doonta kororka guud ee goynta baradhada marka la barbardhigo 2015 iyo 2012. sano 2013 iyo 1,9 jeer, siday u kala horreeyaan.
Hirgelinta go'an tallaabooyin taageero dowladeed oo loogu talagalay baradhada kobcinta kharashka ku baxa miisaaniyadda gobolka Saratov ayaa gacan ka geysan doonta kordhinta soo jiidashada maalgashiga ee warshadan ee shirkadaha ganacsiga iyo K (F) X.
1. Qabashada qaybinta macquulka ah ee baradhada gobolka iyadoo la adeegsanayo mugga, tayeynta qeybinta noocyada iyo abaabulka wax soo saarka abuur wanaagsan.
Waxaa loo qorsheeyay in lagu horumariyo beerista baradhada warshadaha ee Bogara ee Bazarno-Karabulaksky, Novoburasky, Lysogorsky iyo meelaha kale ee Bangiga Xuquuqda. Baanka bidix ee bidix, dhul-waraabinta beeraha ee Engels, Sovetsk, Krasnokutsk, Marx iyo meelo kale ayaa loo qoondeyn doonaa wax soo saarka baradhada.
Kuwa ugu wax soo saarka badan oo ku habboon ciidda iyo xaaladaha cimilada ee gobolka waa noocyo baradho u adkaysata abaarta gaar ah oo ay abuurtay daaqsimeyaasha guryaha ee VNIIKH iyo Penza NIIISH gaar ahaan gobolka Volga.
Isla mar ahaantaana, si loo kordhiyo shuruudaha isticmaalka, waxaa lagugula talinayaa in lagu beero noocyo ka mid ah kooxo bisil oo kala duwan - noocyo hore oo bisil isticmaalka xagaaga; bartamihii-xilli - dayrta; bislaada goor dambe - si loogu isticmaalo jiilaalka iyo horraanta gu'ga.
2. Abaabulka wax soo saarka abuur wanaagsan ee gobolka.
Abuurka Elite ee baradhada waxaa lagu horumarin doonaa ururada beeraha ee woqooyiga microzone, halkaas oo aysan jirin wax suurtagal ah in lagu sumoobo dalagyada leh cudurada fayraska iyo teknoolojiyada horusocodka ee abuur abuurka ayaa loo isticmaalaa (beerista xagaaga, jarista dhirta noocyada kala duwan, nidaamka ilaalinta dhirta isku dhafan, iwm). Khubaro ka socota VNIIKH iyo Saratov State Agrarian University ayaa taageero ka geysan doona taageerada sayniska ee soosaarka abuurka caanka ah. Horumarinta soosaarka abuurka aaga, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah, ugu horreyntii, in la abuuro shuruudo iibinta miraha noocyada baradhada ee kuwa soo saara gudaha.
3. Soo bandhigista tikniyoolajiyadda kaydinta casriga ee baradhada la beero.
Munaasabad muhiim ah oo ku saabsan hirgelinta Barnaamijka ayaa ah soo bandhigista tikniyoolajiyadda casriga ah ee baradho soo koraya oo ku saleysan cilmiga bayoolajiga iyo ilaalinta kheyraadka. Dhamaan hal-abuurka cusub ee la soo bandhigay waa in lagu kala duwanaadaa iyada oo ku xidhan ciidda iyo xaaladaha cimilada ee microzones kala duwan oo gobolka ah iyo aaladda sheyga iyo farsamada ee beeraha.
Tiknoolajiyada noolaha ayaa bixisa beerashada cawska iyo cagaarka cagaaran, isticmaalka wax soo saarka bayoolojiga ee lagu daaweeyo digriiga iyo dalagyada baradhada (Baikal EM-1, mizorin, rhizoagrin, flavobacterin, iwm), taas oo u oggolaaneysa yareynta isticmaalka macdanta iyo bacriminta dabiiciga ah iyadoo la ilaalinayo dheelitirka maadada dabiiciga iyo bacriminta ciidda. Adeegsiga u diyaar garowga bayoolojiga ee ilaalinta dhirta (boverin, trichogramma, iwm.) Waxay yareyn doontaa qiimaha sunta cayayaanka waxayna hubineysaa soo saarista alaabada bey'adda u habboon. Si loo yareeyo saameynta walaaca leh ee ay leedahay abaarta ka jirta deegaankeenna, waxaa lagu talinayaa in la isticmaalo walxaha bayoolojiga ah ee ka hortagga buufiska.
4. Casriyeyn farsamo oo dhameystiran ee warshadaha baradhada.
Si loo sameeyo baradho casri ah oo ku soo kordha gobolka, waxaa loo qorsheeyay in lagu qalabeeyo beeraha soo saareyaasha beeraha leh mashiinno tamar-ku-habboon iyo qalab wax soo saar, kala saarid iyo kaydinta digriiga, iyada oo la tixraacayo astaamaha qaababka kala duwan ee maamulka. Shuruudda ugu weyn ee xulashada qalabka: isku halaynta, wadajirka, bixinta agabka firaaqada ah iyo helitaanka adeeg hawlgal dammaanad leh.
5. Kordhinta baradhada meelaha waraabinta la waraabiyo adoo dib u bilaabaya hada oo abuuraya goobo waraab oo cusub.
Korodh baradho ah inta lagu jiro waraabka ma yareyn karo qatarta dabiiciga ah, laakiin sidoo kale waxay si weyn u kordhin kartaa hufnaanta dhaqaale ee wax soo saarkooda. Wax soo saarkii ka yimid meelaha waraabinta ee baradhada ayaa laba jeer ka sarreeya meelaha la midka ah iyada oo aan la waraabin, iyo waxsoosaarka shaqaalaha, hufnaanta isticmaalka agabyada iyo farsamada, oo ay ku jiraan bacriminta, ayaa la kordhiyaa saddex illaa shan jeer.
Iyadoo ay weheliso casriyeynta baahsan ee mashiinada waraabka ee hadda jira "Fregat" iyo "Volzhanka" aagaga leh carrada iftiinka iyo iskuxirka granulometric dhexdhexaadka ah, waxaa la qorsheynayaa in si firfircoon loogu badalo nidaamyada waraabka ee keydinta kheyraadka - mashiinada nooca durbaanku u hooseeyo, waraabka ganaaxa iyo faleebada.
6. Dib-u-dhiska jiritaanka iyo dhismaha baradhada cusub ee baradhada.
Muddo sanadka oo dhan ah oo baradhada ah dadka ku nool gobolka Saratov, waxaa lagu taliyaa in baradhada casriga ah ee leh awooda ugu yaraan 40 kun oo tan oo digriiga ah, lagu qalabeeyo nidaamyada hawo-mareenka, xakameynta cimilada iyo farsamaynta rarka iyo soo dejinta, la dhiso. Dukaamo waaweyn oo baradho ah ayaa u abuuri doona shirkado wax soo saar asaasi ah (alaabooyin dhammeystiray) iyo qoto dheer (aalkolo, istaarijka, shukulaatada, khudradda faransiiska, iwm.) Ee baradhada.
7. Abuurista xarumaha saadka ee keydinta, farsameynta iyo ka iibinta baradhada laga soo saaro soo saarayaasha beeraha maxaliga ah.
Abaabulka xarumaha saadka ayaa si weyn kor ugu qaadi doonta tartanka baradhada ee soosaarayaasha beeraha gudaha.
8. Tababbarka qandaraaska ee bartilmaameedka khubarada.
Tababbarka qandaraaska lala galay ee khubarada baradhada ah waxaa fulin doona Jaamacadda Saratov State Agrarian University. Laga yaabee inaad tabobarato koox gaar ah oo sayid ah jihada 'baradhada'.
9. Tababar heer sare ah oo ku takhasusay ururada beeraha iyo madaxda K (F) X oo ku hawlan soo saarista baradhada.
Barnaamijku wuxuu bixiyaa tababarka sanadlaha ah ee koritaanka baradhada ee koorsooyinka lagu soo abaabulay xarunta tababarka ee Machadka Miisaaniyadda Dowladda ee Maaraynta Tacliinta Sare ee Tacliinta Sare "Jaamacada Agrarian ee Saratov ee la magacaabay N.I. Vavilova ”oo ay weheliso ICS-ta gobolka.
Inta lagu guda jiro xilli sii kordhaya ee baradho, waxaa loo qorsheeyay in lagu qabto taxane ah aqoon-isweydaarsiyo aqoon-isweydaarsi ah oo ku saleysan beeraha beeraha baradho ee hormuudka u ah gobolka, oo loogu talagalay labadaba tababarka iyo isweydaarsiga waayo-aragnimada ka-qeybgalayaasha munaasabadaha. Qaab dhismeedka Bandhig-sannadeedka Bandhig-sannadeedka "Field Day", hoggaamiyeyaasha iyo takhasuslayaasha warshadaha baradhada ayaa ku dhaqmi doona inay bartaan tusaalooyinkii ugu dambeeyay ee mashiinnada beeraha iyo waxsoosaarka iyo noocyada baradho ee dhiirrigelinta.