Marka la beero dalagyo kala duwan, marka lagu daro hababka agrotechnical, kuwaas oo weli ah kuwa ugu muhiimsan ee xakamaynta haramaha, way adagtahay in la sameeyo iyada oo aan la isticmaalin herbicides. Isla mar ahaantaana, waxaa muhiim ah in la xasuusto in haysashada firfircooni bayooloji ah oo sareysa, dhirbaaxadu waxay u baahan tahay hab xirfad sare leh marka la isticmaalayo.
Valentina Demidova, Cilmi-baadhaha Machadka Sayniska ee Miisaaniyadda Dawladda Federaalka VNIIF, Musharaxa Sayniska Nafleyda;
Maria Kuznetsova, Madaxa Waaxda Baradhada iyo Cudurrada Dalagga Khudaarta, VNIIF, Musharaxa Sayniska Nafleyda
Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, gobollada kala duwan ee Ruushka, waxaa jiray kiisas badan marka waxyeellada ka timaadda isticmaalka herbicides ay sabab u tahay saamaynta sunta ah ee dalagga laga ilaaliyo haramaha ka badan faa'iidada. Saamaynta ka dib ee herbicide waa saamaynta hadhaaga hadhaaga ah wakiilka (iyo metabolites), loo isticmaalo sannadihii hore, on xaaladda ciidda, beeray iyo dhirta haramaha. Khatarta ka-hortagga herbicide waxaa inta badan lagu go'aamiyaa saddex arrimood: xoojinta xajinta, xaalufka iyo socdaalka (dhaqdhaqaaqa). Saamaynta arrimahan waxay ku xiran tahay ciidda-cimilada iyo xaaladaha agrotechnical, cimilada, iyo sidoo kale sifooyinka daroogada laftiisa.
Baradhada lagu beeray beeraha waaweyn iyo kuwa gaarka ah ayaa si gaar ah u dhibtoonaya tan.
Sababaha toxicosis ee baradhada:
- ilaalinta ciidda haraaga herbicides sunta baradhada ka dib codsigooda dalagga ka horreeya wareegga dalagga;
- ku xadgudubka xeerarka isticmaalka "baradhada" herbicides (metribuzin, rimsulfuron, prosulfocarb, iwm.);
- Isticmaalka buufiyeyaasha leh hadhaaga herbicide ee taangiyada (haddii ay baradhada u nugul yihiin walxahan);
- dhibco hawadu qaado ee herbicides inta lagu jiro daawaynta beeraha deriska ah.
Inta badan, sunta lagu qeexay cutubyada 2-4 waxay la xiriiraan u hoggaansanaan la'aanta xeerarka iyo talooyinka isticmaalka.
Ma jiraan daawooyin aad u badan oo la isticmaalo inta lagu jiro xilliga sii kordhaya ee baradhada. Asal ahaan, kuwani waa dawooyin ka socda kooxaha triazines (metribuzin), aryloxyalkanecarboxylic acids (MCA), sulfonylureas (rimsulfuron), thiocarbamates (prosulfocarb). Dhammaan maaddooyinkan firfircooni waa kuwo la xushay mana aha inay waxyeello u geystaan dhirta baradhada. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xaalado gaar ah, baradhada ayaa walaacsan. Kuwani waxay noqon karaan arrimo cimilo, xasaasiyad noocyo kala duwan ah, ku xadgudubka xeerarka codsiga, isticmaalka alaabooyinka tayada hooseeya, iwm.
Calaamaduhu waxay ku xiran yihiin fasalka maaddooyinka firfircoon. Metribuzin waxay sababtaa gubasho waxayna joojisaa koritaanka dhirta. Tan waxaa si gaar ah loogu dhawaaqaa noocyada xasaasiga ah ama marka lagu dabaqo cimilada qalalan ee leh roobab culus oo dheeraad ah (Jaantus. 1).
Rimsulfuron wuxuu keeni karaa jaalle ama marble caleemaha baradhada yar yar. Calaamadaha noocan oo kale ah waxay aad ugu eg yihiin muujinta caabuqa fayraska. Sababtan awgeed, isticmaalkeeda baradhada abuurka waa mid aan loo baahnayn.
Dhirta baradhadu waxay aad ugu nugul yihiin herbicides, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa loo isticmaalo wareegga dalagga ee dalagga kale. Kuwa ugu khatarta badan baradhada waa herbicides loo isticmaalo dalaggii hore ee kooxda 2 (acetolactate synthase inhibitors (ALS) iyo kooxda 4 (auxins synthetic).
Kooxda 2 herbicides waxaa ka mid ah sulfonylureas si ballaaran loo isticmaalo (metsulfuron-methyl, chlorsulfuron, triasulfuron, iwm.), iyo sidoo kale imidazolinones (imazethapyr, imazamox, iwm.). Saamaynta xun ee ay ku leeyihiin baradhada waxay la xiriirtaa isbeddelka isku-dhafka qaar ka mid ah asiidhyada amino ee muhiimka ah. Hadhaaga Sulfonylurea ee xaaladaha qaarkood waxay ku sii jiri karaan ciidda waxayna dhaawici karaan baradhada muddo dheer kadib codsiga. Qaar ka mid ah imidazolinones ayaa laga helay ciidda dhowr sano. Muujinta saameynta sunta ah ee kooxdan herbicides ee dushooda baradhada waa kala duwan yihiin waxayna ku xiran tahay sifooyinka kala duwan ee dhirta. Inta badan, endochlorosis (ama jaalaha caleemaha), laalaabista (ama mosaic) iyo, sida caadiga ah, dib u dhac korriin ayaa la arkay (Jaantus. 2). Calaamadaha noocan oo kale ah waxay aad ugu eg yihiin muujinta caabuqa fayraska. Sababtan awgeed, on carrada leh hadhaaga dhirta, labadaba nadiifinta iyo ansixinta beeraha, oo lagu fuliyay wax soo saarka baradhada abuurka, way adagtahay.
Calaamadaha waxyeelada digriiga ay u geystaan dawooyinkan geedaha yaryar way kala duwanaan karaan, laakiin kuwa ugu caansan waa digriiga dildilaaca dheer (badanaa xiddig u eg) iyo korriin u eg marka digriiga u ekaado salool (Jaantuska 3,4).
Kooxda 4 herbicides waxaa ka mid ah kuwa ka soo jeeda phenoxyacetic, benzoic iyo pyridic acids. Kuwa ugu yar ee joogtada ah (i.e. muddada dheer) iyaga ka mid ah waa kuwa ka soo jeeda phenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Khatarta waxyeelada baradhada ee benzoic (dicamba) iyo picolinic (clopyralid, picloram) derivatives aashitada ayaa badan. Marka, muujinta calaamadaha waxyeelada sunta ah ee baradhada, joogitaanka clopyralid ee ciidda ayaa ku filan qiyaasta u dhiganta 0,07% ee heerka codsiga ee sannadkii hore ee dalagga hore ee hadhuudhka, iyo heerka 0,7%, a hoos u dhac weyn oo ku yimid wax soo saarka dalagga xasaasiga ah ayaa hore loo xusay.
Si ka duwan sulfonylureas iyo imidazolinones, dhaawaca muuqda ee baradhada dicamba, clopyralid, iyo picloram ayaa ka muuqda kaliya qaybta hawada. Dhirta, iyadoo ay sabab u tahay qallafsanaanta caleemaha caleenta, waxay la mid noqdaan geedo fern ah (Jaantus. 5). Herbicides-yadani waxay saameeyaan goobta iyo samaynta dhibcaha koritaanka (indhaha) digriiga gabadha. Sidaa darteed, sanadka beeritaanka baradhada ee ciidda wasakhaysan haraaga geedo yaryar, sida caadiga ah dhaladooda caadiga ah iyo digriiga ayaa la sameeyay, laakiin barnaamijkooda sameynta dhibcaha koritaanka waa la jebiyey. Calaamadaha kor ku xusan waxay soo baxaan sanadka soo socda, marka digriiga noocan oo kale ah loo isticmaalo sida wax lagu beero. Marka la fulinayo kormeerka phytosanitary ee beeritaanka baradhada, waxaan ku dhawaad sanad walba la kulannaa dhirta leh calaamadaha kor ku xusan ee gobollada kala duwan ee Ruushka.
Isla mar ahaantaana, aad bay muhiim u tahay in la kala saaro muujinta toxicosis herbicidal ee calaamadaha cudurrada faafa. Farqiga ugu weyn ee u dhexeeya toxicosis herbicidal iyo muujinta cudur kasta waa muujinta weyn ee calaamadaha dhaawaca guud ahaan duurka ama gudaha, meelaha, laakiin ma on dhirta hal.
Markaad qorsheyneyso beeritaanka baradhada, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la tixgeliyo saameynta soo hartay ee herbicides ee lagu dabaqay xilli ciyaareedkii hore. Heerka burburinta walxaha firfircoon ee herbicides ee ciidda waxay ku xiran tahay arrimo badan: qadarka daawada loo isticmaalo, xaaladaha xilliga (heerkulka, qoyaanka ciidda), nooca ciidda, qadarka microbiota, iwm. Xaaladaha qallalan ee sanadka marka sulfonylureas, imidazolinones, dicamba, picloram iyo clopyralid la isticmaalo waxay kordhiyaan halista hadhaaga carrada iyo waxyeelaynta baradhada xilliga soo socda.
Sidaa darteed, haddii ay jiraan shaki ku saabsan "nadiifnimada" ee berrinka, ka hor intaanad beerin baradhada, ciidda waa in lagu falanqeeyaa haraaga herbicides ama bioteting ciidda iyadoo la adeegsanayo dhirta tilmaame.
Dhanka kale, herbicides-ka lagu dabaqo baradhada ayaa sidoo kale saameyn xun ku yeelan kara dalagyada xiga. Marka tan la eego, waxaanu samaynay tiro daraasado ah, oo ujeedadu ahayd in la barto heerka sunta herbicide ee ku salaysan metribuzin, oo loo isticmaalo baradhada, dhirta kufsiga guga, qajaarka, miro iyo dabocase sonkorta.
Go'aaminta phytotoxicity ee metribuzin waxaa la fuliyay 2018 iyo 2019 iyadoo la raacayo shuruudaha tijaabada sii kordheysa ee qolka aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ee hoos yimaada nidaamka kuleylka kuleylka ee la xakameeyey.
Sida dhirta tijaabada ah, waxaan isticmaalnay dabocase sonkorta (v. Ramonskaya hal-seeded 9), miro (v. Argaman Elita), qajaar (v. Edinstvo), kufsiga guga (v. Ratnik). Dhirta waxaa lagu beeray beeriyaal 80 mm dhexroor ah iyo 600 cm3 oo laga buuxiyay muunado carro sod-podzolic ah oo la qaaday.
Si loo dejiyo tijaabooyinka, ciidda ayaa laga soo qaaday goobta aan dhirta lagu marinin (xakamaynta), iyo goob tijaabo ah oo baradhada lagu beeray iyo dhir-dhimista (a.v. metribuzin) ayaa lagu marsaday qiyaas dhan 0,5 kg / ha. Labada sano ee baaritaanka, muunado ayaa la qaaday guga, Abriil, laga soo bilaabo qoto dheer oo ka mid ah cirifka beeraha ee 0-25 cm ee 10 nuqul.
Xaaladaha koritaanka dhirta tijaabada: heerkulka hawada 250C (maalin) iyo 200C (habeen); waraabinta ciidda ilaa 60% PV.
Faytotoxicity isbarbardhigga ee shaybaarada ciidda ee la doortay, oo ay sababtay saamaynta ka dib dhirbaaxada, ayaa la qiimeeyay 28 maalmood ka dib markii la beeray dalagyada farqiga dhererka iyo miisaanka dhirta tijaabada ah.
Marka loo eego natiijooyinka qiimeynta, waxaa la ogaaday in shaybaarada ciidda ee la bartay, xannibaadda dhammaan dhirta tijaabada lagu arkay qaabka daciifinta jirridda, dib u dhac koritaanka marka la barbardhigo kantaroolka (Jaantus 6-9). Dhererka dhirta oat-ka ee xakamaynta waxay ahayd 25-35 cm, kala duwanaanshaha la bartay 20-23 cm; dabocase sonkorta 15-20 cm (control), in kala duwanaanshaha imtixaanka 10-13 cm; qajaar 16-22 cm (control), in kala duwanaanshaha imtixaanka 11-14 cm; kufsiga guga 12-14 cm (xakamaynta), ee kala duwanaanshaha la bartay 10-12 cm.
Celcelis ahaan, in ka badan 2 sano, hoos u dhaca miisaanka dhirta qajaarka tijaabada si loo xakameeyo wuxuu ahaa 70,8%; dabocase sonkorta - 45,0%; miro - 44,4%; kufsiga guga - 33,1% (Shaxda 1).
Sidaa darteed, daraasadayadu waxay muujiyeen in ay jirto saameyn xun oo metribuzin ah oo loo isticmaalo baradhada ee dalagyada beeraha ee kala duwan: qajaar, dabocase sonkorta, miro, kufsiga guga. Si loo yareeyo waxyeelada dalagyada kala duwan ee hadhaaga herbicide ee ciidda, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la sameeyo farsamooyin kala duwan:
- Codso qiyaasta ugu yar ee ku filan ee herbicides (diyaar garowga isku dhafan ama isku darka taangiga oo ay ku jiraan qadar yar oo ah maaddooyinka firfircoon ee "mudda dheer").
- Xaaq qoto dheer ka hor intaanad beerin dhirta xasaasiga ah.
- Codso wareegyada dalagga kaas oo yareynaya halista waxyeelada dhir-dhisku ku leeyahay dalagga.
- Isticmaal dhirta tilmaame (miraha dalagyada aadka ugu nugul dhir-dhimista):
- loogu talagalay herbicides ee kooxda 2 - acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors (sulfonylureas iyo imidazolinones) - dabocase sonkorta, rapeseed;
- kooxda 4 - auxins synthetic (phenoxy acid (2.4D, iwm.), benzoic acid (dicamba), pyridic acid (clopyralid, picloram) - digirta, flax;
- kooxda 5 - metribuzin - qajaar, miro, dabocase sonkorta.
5. Samee quudinta foliar ee dhirta dhaawacan bacriminta ku salaysan amino acids: tusaale ahaan, Izabion, Aminokat, iwm.