Maria Erokhova, cilmi -baare hoose, waaxda cudurrada baradhada iyo dalagyada khudradda, FGBNU VNII phytopathology
Maria Kuznetsova, Madaxa Waaxda, Waaxda Baradhada iyo Cudurada Dalagyada Khudaarta, FGBNU VNII Phytopathologistsи
Xaaladda adduunka oo dhan iyadoo la adeegsanayo xakamaynta biqilka, gaar ahaan chlorprofam, ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah isu beddelaysa. Wadamada Midowga Yurub, ka dib markii la daabacay Warbixinta Wakaaladda Badbaadada Cuntada Yurub (EFSA) ee ku saabsan chlorprofam (CIPC), isticmaalka maaddadan waa xaaraan.
Marka la eego arrintan, su'aasha ah in dib -u -habeynta tas -hiilaadka keydinta baradhada loo adeegsado xakameeyayaasha kale ee biqilka. Tusaale ahaan: gudaha Boqortooyada Midowday, chlorprofam, sida uu qabo AHDB (Guddiga Horumarinta Beeraha iyo Beeraha), waxaa loo adeegsaday in ka badan 85% dhammaan xarumaha kaydinta baradhada. Mamnuucidda isticmaalkeeda ayaa dhaqan gashay January 8 2020 sannado, milkiilayaasha tas -hiilaadka kaydinta ayaa wajahaya baahida loo qabo in laga nadiifiyo kaydinta baradhada raadadka maaddadan, tanina ma aha hawl fudud.
Daraasad ay soo qabanqaabisay AHDB ayaa xaqiijisay in shubka uu u dulqaadan karo CIPC: qaddarka haraaga ah ee chlorprofam iyo dheef-shiid kiimikaad 3-chloraniline (3-CA) ayaa lagu hagaajiyay dhammaan qolalka lagu isticmaalay xakamaynta biqilka tirada daaweynta.
Golaha Horumarinta Beeraha iyo Beeraha ayaa diyaariyey mabaadi'da muhiimka ah ee ay tahay in milkiilayaasha kaydinta lagu hago marka ay samaynayaan nadiifinta si loo yareeyo halista dib -u -qaybinta chlorprofam ee kaydinta baradhada, iyo sidoo kale in la yareeyo xaddiga inoculum phytopathogen :
- Dhammaan bakhaarrada lagu isticmaalay chlorprofam waa in la nadiifiyaa waqti habboon, iyadoo la doorbidayo isla marka la nadiifiyo digriiga baradhada ee goosashada sannadkii hore.
- Kaydinta waa in la nadiifiyaa iyada oo la raacayo tallaabooyinka badbaadada ee lagama maarmaanka ah: waxaad u baahan tahay inaad isticmaasho qalab ilaalin shaqsiyeed oo taxaddar yeelo markaad shaqo ka qabanayso meelaha sare.
- Waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la hayo diiwaanka qoran dhammaan hawlaha nadaafadda ee la qabtay, oo ay la socdaan sawirro (sawirradu waa inay ka tarjumaan waxa, sida iyo goorta la nadiifiyey). Iibiyaha baradhada wuxuu codsan karaa waraaqo xaqiijinaya hawlaha nadaafadda.
- Hababka nadiifinta qallalan waa in la doorbido. Waxaa lama huraan ah in la isticmaalo biyaha oo kaliya marka nadiifinta qalalan aysan suurtagal ahayn ama aysan ku filnayn. Nadiifinta qoyan, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in laga saaro biyaha xad -dhaafka ah, iyadoo laga fogaanayo wasakhowga deegaanka.
- Hawlaha nadaafadda waa in si taxaddar leh loo sameeyaa, iyadoo laga fogaanayo in dib loo qaybiyo chlorprofam. Alaabta dabacsan waa in sida ugu dhaqsaha badan loo nadiifiyaa, iyadoo la doorbidayo in la isticmaalo qalab faaruq ah. Isticmaalka xaaqinka iyo xaaqinka ayaa horseeda kala firdhinta boodh, taas oo gacan ka geysanaysa in dib loo qaybiyo raadadka chlorprofam dushooda.
- Hawlaha kaydinta waa in la sameeyaa kor ilaa hoos (yacni saqaf ilaa dabaq).
- Chlorprofam waa isku -dhafan dhexdhexaad ah oo dhexdhexaad ah, sidaa darteed haddii dukaanka aan loo isticmaalin kaydinta baradhada, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in laga tago albaabada iyo dillaacyada si ay u hawo u helaan qolka. Dhuumaha hawo -qaadashada waa inay si fiican u hawo -qaadaan hawo -qaadashadu ama hawo -qaadashada dabiiciga ah.
- Meesha ay suurtogal tahay, qashinka qalalan waa in marka hore la qaadaa dabadeedna alaabta dabacsan loo qaadaa hawo nadiif ah si loogu oggolaado qorraxda (UV), roobka, dabaysha iyo heer -kulka in laga saaro chlorprofam.
- Inta lagu jiro nadiifinta, fiiro gaar ah waa in la siiyaa meelaha ay ku badan tahay chlorprofam.
Sidoo kale, khabiirada Silsiladda Qiimaha Baradhada Yurub waxay diyaariyeen “Tilmaamaha hirgelinta tallaabooyinka nadiifinta xarunta kaydinta si loo yareeyo heerka wasakhaynta ee chlorprofam” oo ah qaab xog -ogaalnimo (Sawir 1).
Laakiin nadiifinta dhismaha weli maahan dhibaatada ugu weyn ee warshadaha. Xulashada beddelka chlorprofam aad bay u adag tahay.
Sida laga soo xigtay AHDB, xilligan UK waa la oggol yahay in la dalbado sida xakamaynta biqilka hydrazide maleic acid, saliidda peppermint iyo ethylene.
Xusuusnow in hydrazide maleic acid loo isticmaalay sidii cabudhin UK gudaheeda 1985 sano. Isaga Waxaa loo isticmaalaa daaweynta dhirta daaqsinka ah inta lagu jiro koritaankooda firfircoon shan usbuuc ka hor qalajinta ama ka hor engegga dabiiciga ah ee dushooda. Hydrazide maleic acid wuxuu horjoogsadaa kala qaybsanaanta unugyada. Waxaa nuuga caleemaha oo dib loogu qaybiyo digriiga. Xaaladdan, xaddiga ugu badan ee walxaha haraaga ah ee hydrazide maleic acid ee badeecada kama dambaysta ah waa inaysan dhaafin 50 mg / kg.
Wax -ku -oolnimada adeegsiga hydrazide acid -ka maleic -ku waxay inta badan ku xiran tahay waqtiga daawaynta: isticmaalka goor hore wuxuu yarayn karaa mugga dalagga, goor dambe - wuxuu yarayn doonaa wax -ku -oolnimada codsiga cabudhinta. Cilmi baaris ayaa muujisay hydrazide maleic acid ugu wanaagsan ee loo isticmaalo kaydinta muddada-gaaban ee baradhada: khatarta ah in ay ku beero kiiskan waa mid hooseysa. Khubaradu waxay xusayaan in daaweynta hydrazide maleic acid iyadoo la ilaalinayo heerkulka xarunta kaydinta 7-10 ° C ay suurtogal ka dhigtay in la xakameeyo biqilka baradhada loogu talagalay in lagu shaqeeyo 2-4 bilood.
Ethylene waxaa si firfircoon loogu adeegsadaa kaydinta baradhada miiska (heerkul hoose, ka yar 5 ° C). Laakiin si loo ilaaliyo tayada alaabta ceyriinka ah ee wax -ka -qabashada, xakameeyahaan ayaa inta badan la adeegsadaa: khubaradu waxay rumeysan yihiin in waxay sababi kartaa midabaynta hilibka jajabka baradhada marka la shiilayo.
Si loo yareeyo biqilka digriiga ee noocyada u socda si loo farsameeyo, khubarada Ingiriiska waxay ku talinayaan in la isku daro daawaynta hydrazide maleic acid iyo daawaynta saliid basbaas iyo ethylene. In kasta oo baadi -goobka tiknolojiyadda ugu wax -ku -oolka badan ee lagu sameeyo daaweynta isku -dhafan ee cabudhiyeyaasha ayaa weli socota.
Golaha Horumarinta Beeraha iyo Beeraha ayaa ku hawlan wacyi -gelinta si ay uga caawiyaan beeralayda inay helaan xakamaynta biqilka si ay u beddelaan chlorprofam.
Gaar ahaan, taxane webinar mawduucyo ah, Webinars Kaydinta, ayaa la bilaabay, halkaas oo khubaradu ka hadlaan astaamaha xakamaynta biqilka kale. Intaa waxaa dheer, Shabakadda Kaydinta UK waxay siisaa talo xirfadeed oo lacag la'aan ah beeraleyda baradhada ee bixiya xubinnimada AHDB si loo horumariyo istaraatijiyad kaydinta baradhada oo aan lahayn chlorprofam.
Ruushka, isticmaalka chlorprofam weli lama mamnuucin, laakiin xaaladdu way is beddeli kartaa, taas oo haddii ay dhacdo beeraleyda Ruushku la kulmi doonaan dhibaatooyin ka daran kuwa Ingiriiska. Marka loo eego "Tusaha sunta cayayaanka iyo agrochemicals ee loo oggolaaday in loo adeegsado Xiriirka Ruushka" sannadka 2020, hydrazide maleic acid ayaa loo oggolaaday in loo isticmaalo dukaamada baradhada iyo khudradda, laakiin noocyada dawooyinka gudaha ayaa aad uga cidhiidhsan kuwa UK.
Guud ahaan, waxaa muhiim ah in la fahmo in isticmaalka xakamaynta ee xarunta kaydinta baradhada la yarayn karo iyadoo la raacayo mabaadii'da caanka ah ee nidaamka baradhada iyo nidaamka kaydinta ee isku-dhafan.